After the Genocide against Tutsi of 1994, following the atrocities, the Government of Rwanda, focused more on providing urgently needed services to community, while long term development programme and strategies took backseat. In 2000, however, H.E Paul Kagame, The President of the Republic of Rwanda, set the country on an agenda of a rapid development that aimed at transforming lives of citizens, reduce poverty, improve governance and promote economic growth and development.

Since 2000, Rwanda adopted strategic vision 2020 for poverty reduction and economic development strategies to reduce the succession of poverty. Necessary policies and strategies were put in place and tools were designed to fast track the implementation. Among different policy established by the Government of Rwanda was Imihigo. Imihigo concept was designed and implemented since 2006 as contract and commitments to achieve particular targets in the District that impact the well being and economic transformation of the citizens. During the signing of the Imihigo, the Mayor commits to such activities as construction of health centers and roads, provision of electricity to local people, safer and clean water and infrastructure development and quality education. Today Imihigo has become an accountability forum where Mayors held accountable to the public in terms of service delivery, economic transformation, social transformation and transformational governance of the citizens. Thus, Imihigo is a yardstick for good governance. Due to the fact that the Imihigo speeds up development of the citizens, it is in vain important to assess the impact of signed Imihigo on the citizen’s transformation lives of all. The impact assessment so entitled “IMIHIGO IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT” aimed at assessing the whether the Imihigo of the Kicukiro District in the recent 3 years transformed the lives of the citizens and are sustainable for prosperity. The impact assessment targeted citizens in Kicukiro District who participated in the planning or not of the Imihigo and direct and indirect beneficiaries. The findings revealed that Imihigo are positively and significantly impacting the citizens of Kicukuro District at 87.9 percent. The extent of the impact was determined by the R-squared coefficient using the model of multiple regression.

"IMIHIGO TOWARDS FREE POVERY RWANDA"

Dr. RUSIBANA CLAUDE, PhD

"Museveni" redirects here. For other uses, see Museveni (disambiguation).

Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan military officer, politician and revolutionary who has served as the ninth president of Uganda since 1986. His government is considered autocratic.[1] After Museveni lost the election of 1980,[2] he started the Ugandan Bush War[3] which caused over 100,000 deaths and led to the removal of Milton Obote.

Museveni's rule has been described by scholars as competitive authoritarianism,[4] or illiberal democracy.[5] Press has been under the authority of government.[6][7][8] None of the Ugandan elections for the last 30 years (since 1986) have been found to be free and transparent.[9] Museveni's presidency has been characterized by an upsurge in anti-gay legislation and activity,[10] involvement in the First Congo War, the Rwandan Civil War, and other African Great Lakes conflicts; the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency in Northern Uganda, which caused a humanitarian emergency; and constitutional amendments, scrapping presidential term limits in 2005, and the presidential age limit in 2017.

On 16 January 2021, Museveni was re-elected for a sixth term with 58.6% of the vote, despite many videos and reports that show ballot box stuffing,[11] over 400 polling stations with 100% voter turnout,[12] and human rights violations.[13][14] As of 2022, after 36 years of his authoritarian rule, Uganda has been ranked 166th in GDP (nominal) per capita and 167th by Human Development Index.

Early life and education

Museveni was estimated to be born on 15 September 1944[15] to parents Mzee Amos Kaguta (1916–2013), a cattle keeper, and Esteri Kokundeka Nganzi (1918–2001), in Rukungiri. He is an ethnic Hima of the kingdom of Mpororo (now part of Ankole).[16][17]

According to Julius Nyerere, Museveni's father, Amos Kaguta, was a soldier in the King's African Rifles during the Second World War. He was in the 7th battalion. So when Yoweri was born, relatives used to say, "His father was a mu-seven" (meaning "in the seventh"). This is how he obtained the name Museveni.[18]

His family later migrated to Ntungamo, then within the British Protectorate of Uganda. Museveni attended Kyamate Elementary School, Mbarara High School, and Ntare School for his primary and secondary education. He also attended the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania for his tertiary education. He studied economics and political science. The university at the time was a hotbed of radical pan-African and Marxist political thought. While at university, he formed the University Students' African Revolutionary Front student activist group and led a student delegation to FRELIMO-held territory in Portuguese Mozambique where they received military training. Studying under the leftist Walter Rodney, among others, Museveni wrote a university thesis on the applicability of Frantz Fanon's ideas on revolutionary violence to post-colonial Africa.[19]

Career

1971–1979: Front for National Salvation and the toppling of Amin

Main articles: 1972 invasion of Uganda and Uganda–Tanzania War

Further information: Western Uganda campaign of 1979

The exile forces opposed to Amin invaded Uganda from Tanzania in September 1972 and were repelled.[20] In October, Tanzania and Uganda signed the Mogadishu Agreement that denied the rebels the use of Tanzanian soil for aggression against Uganda.[21] Museveni broke away from the mainstream opposition and formed the Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) in 1973.[20] In August of the same year, he married Janet Kainembabazi.[22]

In October 1978, Ugandan troops invaded the Kagera Salient in northern Tanzania, initiating the Uganda–Tanzania War. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere ordered the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) to counter-attack and mobilised Ugandan dissidents to fight Amin's regime. Museveni was pleased by this development. In December 1978 Nyerere attached Museveni and his forces to Tanzanian troops under Brigadier Silas Mayunga.[23][24] Museveni and his FRONASA troops subsequently accompanied the Tanzanians during the counter-invasion of Uganda. He was present during the capture and destruction of Mbarara in February 1979, and involved in the Western Uganda campaign of 1979.[25]

In course of these operations, he alternatively spent time at the frontlines and in Tanzania where he discussed the cooperation of various anti-Amin rebel groups as well as the political future of Uganda with Tanzanian politicians and other Ugandan opposition figures such as Obote. He played a significant part in the Moshi Conference which led to the unification of the opposition as the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF). Yusuf Lule was appointed as UNLF chairman and the potential President of Uganda after Amin's overthrow. Museveni felt dissatisfied with the results of the conference, believing that he and his followers were not granted enough representation.[26]

1980–1986: Ugandan Bush War

Main article: Ugandan Bush War

Obote II and the National Resistance Army

With the overthrow of Amin in 1979 and the contested election that returned Milton Obote to power in 1980, Museveni returned to Uganda with his supporters to gather strength in their rural strongholds in the Bantu-dominated south and south-west to form the Popular Resistance Army (PRA). They then planned a rebellion against the second Obote regime (Obote II) and its armed forces, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). The insurgency began with an attack on an army installation in the central Mubende district on 6 February 1981. The PRA later merged with former president Yusufu Lule's fighting group, the Uganda Freedom Fighters, to create the National Resistance Army (NRA) with its political wing, the National Resistance Movement (NRM). Two other rebel groups, the Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF) and the Former Uganda National Army (FUNA), engaged Obote's forces. The FUNA was formed in the West Nile sub-region from the remnants of Amin's supporters.[27]

The NRA/NRM developed a "Ten-point Programme" for an eventual government, covering: democracy; security; consolidation of national unity; defending national independence; building an independent, integrated, and self-sustaining economy; improvement of social services; elimination of corruption and misuse of power; redressing inequality; cooperation with other African countries; and a mixed economy.[28]

The Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook estimates that the Obote regime was responsible for more 100,000 civilian deaths across Uganda.[29]

1985 Nairobi Agreement

Main article: Nairobi Agreement, 1985

On 27 July 1985, subfactionalism within the Uganda People's Congress government led to a successful military coup against Obote by his former army commander, Lieutenant-General Tito Okello, an Acholi. Museveni and the NRM/NRA were angry that the revolution for which they had fought for four years had been "hijacked" by the UNLA, which they viewed as having been discredited by gross human rights violations during Obote II.[30]

Despite these reservations, however, the NRM/NRA eventually agreed to peace talks presided over by a Kenyan delegation headed by President Daniel arap Moi. The talks, which lasted from 26 August to 17 December, were notoriously acrimonious and the resultant ceasefire broke down almost immediately. The final agreement, signed in Nairobi, called for a ceasefire, demilitarisation of Kampala, integration of the NRA and government forces, and absorption of the NRA leadership into the Military Council.[31] These conditions were never met.[citation needed]

Battle of Kampala

Main article: Battle of Kampala

While involved in the peace negotiations, Museveni was courting General Mobutu Sésé Seko of Zaire to forestall the involvement of Zairean forces in support of Okello's military junta. On 20 January 1986, however, several hundred troops loyal to Amin were accompanied into Ugandan territory by the Zairean military. The forces intervened following secret training in Zaire and an appeal from Okello ten days previously.[32]

By 22 January, government troops in Kampala had begun to quit their posts en masse as the rebels gained ground from the south and south-west.[31]

Museveni was sworn in as president on 29 January. "This is not a mere change of guard, it is a fundamental change," said Museveni, after a ceremony conducted by British-born Chief Justice Peter Allen. Speaking to crowds of thousands outside the Ugandan parliament, the new president promised a return to democracy: "The people of Africa, the people of Uganda, are entitled to a democratic government. It is not a favour from any regime. The sovereign people must be the public, not the government."[33][34]

Rise to power: 1986–1996

Museveni's meeting with President Ronald Reagan at the White House in October 1987

Political and economic regeneration

Uganda began participating in an IMF Economic Recovery Program in 1987. Its objectives included the restoration of incentives in order to encourage growth, investment, employment, and exports; the promotion and diversification of trade with particular emphasis on export promotion; the removal of bureaucratic constraints and divestment from ailing public enterprises so as to enhance sustainable economic growth and development through the private sector and the liberalisation of trade at all levels.[35]

Human rights and internal security

Further information: War in Uganda (1986–1994)

See also: Human rights in Uganda

The NRM came to power promising to restore security and respect for human rights. Indeed, this was part of the NRM's ten-point programme, as Museveni noted in his swearing in speech:[36][37]

The second point on our programme is security of person and property. Every person in Uganda must [have absolute] security to live wherever he wants. Any individual, any group who threatens the security of our people must be smashed without mercy. The people of Uganda should die only from natural causes which are beyond our control, but not from fellow human beings who continue to walk the length and breadth of our land.

Although Museveni now headed up a new government in Kampala, the NRM could not project its influence fully across Ugandan territory, finding itself fighting a number of insurgencies. From the beginning of Museveni's presidency, he drew strong support from the Bantu-speaking south and south-west, where Museveni had his base. Museveni managed to get the Karamojong, a group of semi-nomads in the sparsely populated north-east that had never had a significant political voice, to align with him by offering them a stake in the new government. The northern region along the Sudanese border, however, proved more troublesome. In the West Nile sub-region, inhabited by Kakwa and Lugbara (who had previously supported Amin), the UNRF and FUNA rebel groups fought for years until a combination of military offensives and diplomacy pacified the region.[38]

The leader of the UNRF, Moses Ali, gave up his struggle to become the second deputy prime minister. People from the northern parts of the country viewed the rise of a government led by a person from the south with great trepidation. Rebel groups sprang up among the Lango, Acholi, and Teso peoples, though they were overwhelmed by the strength of the NRA except in the far north where the Sudanese border provided a safe haven. The Acholi rebel Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) failed to dislodge the NRA occupation of Acholiland, leading to the desperate chiliasm of the Holy Spirit Movement (HSM). The defeat of both the UPDA and HSM left the rebellion to a group that eventually became known as the Lord's Resistance Army, which turned upon the Acholi themselves.[38]

Museveni (first row, third from right) at Kim Il Sung's 80th birthday celebrations in 1992

The NRA subsequently earned a reputation for respecting the rights of civilians, although Museveni later received criticism for using child soldiers. Undisciplined elements within the NRA soon tarnished a hard-won reputation for fairness. "When Museveni's men first came they acted very well – we welcomed them," said one villager, "but then they started to arrest people and kill them."[39][40]

In March 1989, Amnesty International published a human rights report on Uganda, entitled Uganda, the Human Rights Record 1986–1989.[41] It documented gross human rights violations committed by NRA troops. According to Olara Otunnu, a United Nations Diplomat argued that Museveni pursued a genocide to nilotic – luo people living in the Northern part of the country. In one of the most intense phases of the war, between October and December 1988, the NRA forcibly cleared approximately 100,000 people from their homes in and around Gulu town. Soldiers committed hundreds of extrajudicial executions as they forcibly moved people, burning down homes and granaries.[42] In its conclusion, however, the report offered some hope:

Any assessment of the NRM government's human rights performance is, perhaps inevitably, less favourable after four years in power than it was in the early months. However, it is not true to say, as some critics and outside observers, that there has been a continuous slide back towards gross human rights abuse, that in some sense Uganda is fated to suffer at the hands of bad government.

However, on 13 September 2019, Museveni's former Inspector General of Police (IGP) General Kale Kayihura was placed on the United States Department of the Treasury sanctions list for gross violation of Human rights during his reign as the IGP (from 2005 to March 2018). This was due to activities of the Uganda Police's Flying Squad Unit that involved torture and corruption. Kayihura was subsequently replaced with Martin Okoth Ochola.

First elected term (1996–2001)

Elections

The first elections under Museveni's government were held on 9 May 1996. Museveni defeated Paul Ssemogerere of the Democratic Party, who contested the election as a candidate for the "Inter-party forces coalition", and the upstart candidate Kibirige Mayanja. Museveni won with 75.5 percent of the vote from a turnout of 72.6 percent of eligible voters.[43] Although international and domestic observers described the vote as valid, both the losing candidates rejected the results. Museveni was sworn in as president for the second time on 12 May 1996.[44]

In 1997 he introduced free primary education.[45]

The second set of elections were held in 2001. President Museveni got 69 percent of the vote to beat his rival Kizza Besigye.[43] Besigye had been a close confidant of the president and was his physician during the Ugandan Bush War. They, however, had a terrible fallout shortly before the 2001 elections, when Besigye decided to stand for the presidency.[46] The 2001 election campaigns were a heated affair with President Museveni threatening to put his rival "six feet under".[47]

The election culminated in a petition filed by Besigye at the Supreme Court of Uganda. The court ruled that the elections were not free and fair but declined to nullify the outcome by a 3–2 majority decision.[48] The court held that although there were many cases of election malpractice, they did not affect the result in a substantial manner. Chief Justice Benjamin Odoki and Justices Alfred Karokora[49] and Joseph Mulenga ruled in favor of the respondents while Justices Aurthur Haggai Oder and John Tsekoko ruled in favor of Besigye.[50]

International recognition

Museveni was elected chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1991 and 1992.

Perhaps Museveni's most widely noted accomplishment has been his government's successful campaign against AIDS. During the 1980s, Uganda had one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world, but now Uganda's rates are comparatively low, and the country stands as a rare success story in the global battle against the virus (see AIDS in Africa). One of the campaigns headed by Museveni to fight against HIV/AIDS was the ABC program. The ABC program had three main parts "Abstain, Be faithful, or use Condoms if A and B are not practiced."[51] In April 1998, Uganda became the first country to be declared eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, receiving some US$700 million in aid.[52]

Museveni was lauded by some for his affirmative action program for women in the country. He served with a female vice-president, Specioza Kazibwe, for nearly a decade, and has done much to encourage women to go to college. On the other hand, Museveni has resisted calls for greater women's family land rights (the right of women to own a share of their matrimonial homes).[53]

The New York Times in 1997 said about Museveni:[54]

These are heady days for the former guerilla who runs Uganda. He moves with the measured gait and sure gestures of a leader secure in his power and his vision. It is little wonder. To hear some of the diplomats and African experts tell it, President Yoweri K. Museveni started an ideological movement that is reshaping much of Africa, spelling the end of the corrupt, strong-man governments that characterized the cold-war era. These days, political pundits across the continent are calling Mr. Museveni an African Bismarck. Some people now refer to him as Africa's "other statesman", second only to the venerated South African President Nelson Mandela.

In official briefing papers from Madeleine Albright's December 1997 Africa tour as Secretary of State, Museveni was claimed by the Clinton administration to be a "beacon of hope" who runs a "uni-party democracy", despite Uganda not permitting multiparty politics.[55]

Museveni has been an important ally of the United States in the War on Terror.[56]

Regional conflict

Main articles: First Congo War and Second Congo War

Following the Rwandan genocide of 1994, the new Rwandan government felt threatened by the presence across the Rwandan border in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) of former Rwandan soldiers and members of the previous regime. These soldiers were aided by Mobutu Sese Seko, leading Rwanda (with the aid of Museveni) and Laurent Kabila's rebels during the First Congo War to overthrow Mobutu and take power in the DRC.[57]: 267–268 

In August 1998, Rwanda and Uganda invaded the DRC again during the Second Congo War, this time to overthrow Kabila, who was a former ally of Museveni and Kagame. Museveni and a few close military advisers alone made the decision to send the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) into the DRC. A number of highly placed sources indicate that the Ugandan parliament and civilian advisers were not consulted over the matter, as is required by the 1995 constitution.[57]: 262–263  Museveni apparently persuaded an initially reluctant High Command to go along with the venture. "We felt that the Rwandese started the war and it was their duty to go ahead and finish the job, but our President took time and convinced us that we had a stake in what is going on in Congo", one senior officer is reported as saying.[58]

The official reasons Uganda gave for the intervention were to stop a "genocide" against the Banyamulenge in the DRC in concert with Rwandan forces,[59] and that Kabila had failed to provide security along the border and was allowing the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) to attack Uganda from rear bases in the DRC. In reality, the UPDF were deployed deep inside the DRC, more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to the west of Uganda's border with the DRC.[60]

Troops from Rwanda and Uganda plundered the country's rich mineral deposits and timber. The United States responded to the invasion by suspending all military aid to Uganda, a disappointment to the Clinton administration, which had hoped to make Uganda the centrepiece of the African Crisis Response Initiative. In 2000, Rwandan and Ugandan troops exchanged fire on three occasions in the DRC city of Kisangani, leading to tensions and a deterioration in relations between Kagame and Museveni. The Ugandan government has also been criticised for aggravating the Ituri conflict, a sub-conflict of the Second Congo War. The Ugandan army officially withdrew from the Congo in 2003 and a contingent of UN peace keepers was deployed.[61] In December 2005, the International Court of Justice ruled that Uganda must pay compensation to the DRC for human rights violations during the Second Congo War.[62]

Second term (2001–2006)

2001 elections

In 2001, Museveni won the presidential elections by a substantial majority, with his former friend and personal physician Kizza Besigye as the only real challenger. In a populist publicity stunt, a pentagenarian Museveni travelled on a bodaboda motorcycle taxi to submit his nomination form for the election. Bodaboda is a cheap and somewhat dangerous (by western standards) method of transporting passengers around towns and villages in East Africa.[63]

There was much recrimination and bitterness during the 2001 presidential elections campaign, and incidents of violence occurred following the announcement of the win by Museveni. Besigye challenged the election results in the Supreme Court of Uganda. Two of the five judges concluded that there were such illegalities in the elections and that the results should be rejected. The other three judges decided that the illegalities did not affect the result of the election in a substantial manner, but stated that "there was evidence that in a significant number of polling stations there was cheating" and that in some areas of the country, "the principle of free and fair election was compromised."[64]

Political pluralism and constitutional change

Museveni and U.S. President George W. Bush in June 2003

After the elections, political forces allied to Museveni began a campaign to loosen constitutional limits on the presidential term, allowing him to stand for election again in 2006. The 1995 Ugandan constitution provided for a two-term limit on the tenure of the president.

Moves to alter the constitution and alleged attempts to suppress opposition political forces have attracted criticism from domestic commentators, the international community, and Uganda's aid donors. In a press release, the main opposition party, the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), accused Museveni of engaging in a "life presidency project", and for bribing members of parliament to vote against constitutional amendments, FDC leaders claimed:

The country is polarized with many Ugandans objecting to [the constitutional amendments]. If Parliament goes ahead and removes term limits, this may cause serious unrest, political strife and may lead to turmoil both through the transition period and thereafter ... We would therefore like to appeal to President Museveni to respect himself, the people who elected him, and the Constitution under which he was voted President in 2001 when he promised the country and the world at large to hand over power peacefully and in an orderly manner at the end of his second and last term. Otherwise, his insistence to stand again will expose him as a consummate liar and the biggest political fraudster this country has ever known.[65]

As observed by some political commentators, including Wafula Oguttu, Museveni had previously stated that he considered the idea of clinging to office for "15 or more" years ill-advised.[66] Comments by the Irish anti-poverty campaigner Bob Geldof sparked a protest by Museveni supporters outside the British High Commission in Kampala. "Get a grip Museveni. Your time is up, go away," said the former rock star in March 2005, explaining that moves to change the constitution were compromising Museveni's record against fighting poverty and HIV/AIDS.[67] In an opinion article in the Boston Globe and in a speech delivered at the Wilson Center, former U.S. Ambassador to Uganda Johnnie Carson heaped more criticism on Museveni. Despite recognising the president as a "genuine reformer" whose "leadership [has] led to stability and growth", Carson also said, "we may be looking at another Mugabe and Zimbabwe in the making".[68] "Many observers see Museveni's efforts to amend the constitution as a re-run of a common problem that afflicts many African leaders – an unwillingness to follow constitutional norms and give up power".[69]

In July 2005, Norway became the third European country in as many months to announce symbolic cutbacks in foreign aid to Uganda in response to political leadership in the country. The UK and Ireland made similar moves in May. "Our foreign ministry wanted to highlight two issues: the changing of the constitution to lift term limits, and problems with opening the political space, human rights and corruption", said Norwegian Ambassador Tore Gjos.[70] Of particular significance was the arrest of two opposition MPs from the FDC. Human rights campaigners charged that the arrests were politically motivated. Human Rights Watch stated that "the arrest of these opposition MPs smacks of political opportunism".[71][72]

A confidential World Bank report leaked in May suggested that the international lender might cut its support to non-humanitarian programmes in Uganda. "We regret that we cannot be more positive about the present political situation in Uganda, especially given the country's admirable record through the late 1990s", said the paper. "The Government has largely failed to integrate the country's diverse peoples into a single political process that is viable over the long term...Perhaps most significant, the political trend-lines, as a result of the President's apparent determination to press for a third term, point downward."[73]

Museveni responded to the mounting international pressure by accusing donors of interfering with domestic politics and using aid to manipulate poor countries. "Let the partners give advice and leave it to the country to decide ... [developed] countries must get out of the habit of trying to use aid to dictate the management of our countries."[74] "The problem with those people is not the third term or fighting corruption or multipartism," added Museveni at a meeting with other African leaders, "the problem is that they want to keep us there without growing.".[75]

In July 2005, a constitutional referendum lifted a 19-year restriction on the activities of political parties. In the non-party "Movement system" (so-called "the movement") instituted by Museveni in 1986, parties continued to exist, but candidates were required to stand for election as individuals rather than representative of any political grouping. This measure was ostensibly designed to reduce ethnic divisions, although many observers have subsequently claimed that the system had become nothing more than a restriction on opposition activity. Before the vote, the FDC spokesperson stated, "Key sectors of the economy are headed by people from the president's home area.... We have got the most sectarian regime in the history of the country in spite of the fact that there are no parties."[76] Many Ugandans saw Museveni's conversion to political pluralism as a concession to donors – aimed at softening the blow when he announces he wants to stay on for a third term.[77] Opposition MP Omara Atubo has said Museveni's desire for change was merely "a facade behind which he is trying to hide ambitions to rule for life".[78]

Death of John Garang

On 30 July 2005, Sudanese vice-president John Garang was killed when the Ugandan presidential helicopter crashed while he was flying back to Sudan from talks in Uganda. Garang had been Sudan's vice-president for only three weeks before his death.[79]

Widespread speculation as to the cause of the crash led Museveni, on 10 August, to threaten the closure of media outlets that published "conspiracy theories" about Garang's death. In a statement, Museveni claimed that the speculation was a threat to national security. "I will no longer tolerate a newspaper which is like a vulture. Any newspaper that plays around with regional security, I will not tolerate it – I will close it."[80] The following day, popular radio station KFM had its license withdrawn for broadcasting a debate on Garang's death. Radio presenter Andrew Mwenda was eventually arrested for sedition in connection with comments made on his KFM talk show.[81]

February 2006 elections

Main article: 2006 Ugandan general election

On 17 November 2005, Museveni was chosen as NRMs presidential candidate for the February 2006 elections. His candidacy for a further third term sparked criticism, as he had promised in 2001 that he was contesting for the last time.

The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye on 14 November – charged with treason, concealment of treason, and rape – sparked demonstrations and riots in Kampala and other towns.[82] Museveni's bid for a third term, the arrest of Besigye, and the besiegement of the High Court during a hearing of Besigye's case (by a heavily armed Military Intelligence group dubbed by the press as the "Black Mambas Urban Hit Squad"), led Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom to withhold economic support to Museveni's government because of their concerns about the country's democratic development.[83][84] On 2 January 2006, Besigye was released after the High Court ordered his immediate release.[85]

The 23 February 2006 elections were Uganda's first multi-party elections in 25 years and were seen as a test of its democratic credentials. Although Museveni did worse than in the previous election, he was elected for another five-year tenure, having won 59 percent of the vote against Besigye's 37 percent. Besigye alleged fraud and rejected the result. The European Union and independent Ugandan electoral observers described the 2006 elections as not a fair and free contest.[86] The Supreme Court of Uganda later ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities; however, the court voted 4–3 to uphold the results of the election.[87]

Third term (2006–2011)

Museveni and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2008

In 2007, Museveni deployed troops to the African Union's peacekeeping operation in Somalia.

Also in this term, Museveni held meetings with investors that included Wisdek, to promote Uganda's call centre and outsourcing industry and create employment to the country.[88]

September 2009 riots

In September 2009 Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Buganda King, permission to visit some areas of the Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others remain imprisoned to this date. Furthermore, nine more people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations. According to the Human Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these events.[89]

Fundamentalist Christianity

In 2009, MSNBC and NPR reported on Jeff Sharlet's investigation regarding ties between Museveni and the American fundamentalist Christian organization The Fellowship (also known as "The Family").[90][91] Sharlet reports that Douglas Coe, leader of The Fellowship, identified Museveni as the organization's "key man in Africa".[91]

LGBT rights

See also: LGBT rights in Uganda

Further international scrutiny accompanied the 2009 Ugandan efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality, with British, Canadian, French, and American leaders expressing concerns for human rights.[92][93] British newspaper The Guardian reported that Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will.[94]

Museveni and members of NRM continue to use the terms 'gay' and 'homosexuals' to degrade opponents and in particular members of the National Unity Platform.[95] In 2023, Museveni signed an anti-LGBTQ+ bill and called on other African leaders to reject the "promotion of homosexuality".[96]

Fourth term (2011–2016)

Main article: 2011 Ugandan general election

Vladimir Putin and Yoweri Museveni in 2012

Museveni was re-elected on 20 February 2011 with a 68 percent majority with 59 percent of registered voters having voted. The election results were disputed by both the European Union and the opposition. "The electoral process was marred with avoidable administrative and logistical failures", according to the European Union election observer team.[97][98]

Following the fall of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Museveni became the fifth-longest serving African leader.[99]

In October 2011, the annual inflation rate reached 30.5 percent, principally due to food and fuel increases.[100] Earlier in 2011, opposition leader Kizza Besigye staged "Walk to Work" protests against the high cost of living. On 28 April 2011, Besigye was arrested because Museveni said Besigye had attacked first, a charge he denied.[101] Besigye's arrest led to more riots in Kampala.[102] Besigye promised that "peaceful demonstrations" would continue. The government's response to the riots has been condemned by donor nations.[103]

Museveni is greeted by US President Barack Obama in August 2014

In more recent years, infringements on press freedom have increasingly been a central focus. According to Human Rights Watch, "Between January and June [2013], a media watchdog organization registered 50 attacks on journalists, despite multiple pledges to respect media freedom."[104] During this period, two widely read periodicals, The Daily Monitor and The Red Pepper, were shut down and seized by the government because they published allegations about a "plot to assassinate senior government and military officials who [were] opposed to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni ... and his plans to hand over power to his son when he retires".[105]

Another issue of human rights became an issue in early 2014 when Museveni signed an anti-homosexuality bill into law. In an interview with CNN, Museveni called homosexuals "disgusting" and said that homosexuality was a learned trait. Western leaders, including United States President Obama, condemned the law.[106]

Museveni has criticised the US's involvement in the Libyan Civil War, and in a UN speech argued that military intervention from African countries produces more stable countries in the long term, which he calls "African solutions for African problems".[107]

Fifth term (2016–2021)

2016 election

Main article: 2016 Ugandan general election

The presidential candidates included incumbent Yoweri Museveni, in power since 1986, and Kizza Besigye, who complained of rigging and violence at polling stations. Voting was extended in several locations after reports of people not being allowed to cast their votes. According to the Electoral Commission, Museveni was re-elected (18 February 2016) with 61 percent of the vote to Besigye's 35 percent.[citation needed] Opposition candidates claimed that the elections were marred by widespread fraud, voting irregularities, the repeated arrest of opposition politicians, and a climate of voter intimidation.[108]

2018 age limit bill

Yoweri Museveni speaking at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in London, October 2018

President Yoweri Museveni, as the incumbent president of Uganda, signed the Constitutional Amendment Bill No. 2 2017,[109] commonly known as the "Age Limit" bill on 27 December 2017. The bill was successfully passed by the 10th parliament of Uganda on 20 December 2017.[110] As of 27 December 2017, in accordance with articles 259 and 262 of the Constitution of Uganda, the bill has effectively amended the Constitution to remove the presidential age limit caps. Before the amendment, article 102 (b) barred people above 75 and those below 35 years from running for the highest office. The current age limit bill also extends the term of office of parliament from the current five years to seven years. The bill also restores presidential two-term limits which had been removed in a 2005 constitutional amendment.

Museveni at the Russia–Africa Summit 2019 in Sochi in October 2019

Challenge to the bill

After Museveni signed the 2018 Age Limit Bill into law on 27 December 2017 (but parliament received the letter on 2 January 2018),[111] the general public protested as they had been doing prior to the signing of the bill, using all avenues including on social media.[112] In October 2017, some MPs returned what they alleged were bribes to facilitate the bill.[113]

The Uganda Law Society and members of the opposition house sued and challenged the bill in court, citing that the process leading to the vote was in violation of Articles 1, 2, 8A, 44 (c), 79 and 94 of the Ugandan constitution because the Speaker of Parliament [Kadaga] closed debate on the Amendment after only 124 out of 451 legislators had debated the bill.[114] They also argue that the use of force by the army and police during the bill debate was inconsistent with and in contravention of Articles 208(2), 209 and 259 among others.[115] The third argument they make is that the bill violates other constitutional clauses in relation to the extension of terms[116] and electoral procedures. One legislature [Mbwaketamwa Gaffa] is quoted as saying, "…when the president ascents [sic] to the bill, it might be legal, but it will be illegitimate, and we are going to challenge it."[117]

Public reaction to the new bill

President Museveni of Uganda speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, January 2020

The law enforcement agencies in Uganda, i.e. the police, the military etc., have arrested at least 53 people, including opposition leader Kizza Besigye for demonstrating against the bill to scrap the presidential age limit.[118][119]

A group of legislators from the ruling party, the National Resistance Movement (NRM), clandestinely agitated to remove the age limit because it would give the incumbent president Yoweri Museveni a leeway to run for another term in the elections that would take place in 2021.[118]

A three-month survey conducted between September and November by civil society organizations recorded that 85 percent of the sampled population opposed to the removal of the age limit, with only 15 percent in support of the bill.[120]

Ugandan lawmakers have voted overwhelmingly to remove the presidential age limits because they want to pave way for the current president Yoweri Museveni to serve a sixth term in office.[121] Human rights lawyer Nicholas Opiyo said that removing the age limit – one of the most important safeguards – will entrench a dictatorial and autocratic regime in Uganda.[121]

Sixth term (2021–present)

Museveni and US President Joe Biden at the United States–Africa Leaders Summit in Washington, D.C. in December 2022

On 16 January 2021 the electoral commission of Uganda announced that Museveni won re-election for a sixth term with 58.6% of the vote. Runner-up Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, known professionally as Bobi Wine, and other opposition leaders refused to accept the results, claiming that the election was the most fraudulent in Uganda's history.[122] During the campaign for the presidential elections on 19 November 2020, Museveni described Wine's campaign as being financed by foreigners, and, in particular, foreign homosexuals.[95]

Independent organisations and democracy experts confirmed the elections were neither free or fair.[123] The Electoral Commission published a Declaration of Results form that turned out to be fraudulent.[124] The Electoral Commission promised an investigation which did not take place.[125] Wine was placed under house arrest on 15 January.[126] Independent international observers called for investigation into potential election fraud amidst a nationwide internet shutdown, human rights abuses, and denied accreditation requests.[127][128] Wine was released on 26 January.[129]

In June 2021, 44 people were arrested at an LGBT center, with the pretext of violating Covid SOPs.[130]

In July 2022, Museveni hosted Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, saying that "We don't believe in being enemies of somebody's enemy."[131]

In October 2022 Museveni apologized to Kenya on behalf of his son, Muhoozi Kainerugaba who tweeted that he could invade Kenya in two weeks.[132]

In July 2023, Museveni attended the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin.[133]

Personal life

Museveni is an Anglican and a member of the Church of Uganda.

He is married to Janet Kataaha Museveni, née Kainembabazi, with whom he has four children:

• Gen. Muhoozi Kainerugaba – Born in 1974, General in the Uganda People's Defence Forces (UPDF) [134][135] in the UPDF[136][137]
• Natasha Karugire – Born in 1976, Fashion designer and consultant. Married to Edwin Karugire. Private Secretary to the President of Uganda for Household Affairs.[138]
• Patience Rwabwogo – Born in 1978, pastor of Covenant Nations Church,[139] Buziga, Kampala. – Married to Odrek Rwabwogo.[140]
• Diana Kamuntu – Born in 1980, Married to Geoffrey Kamuntu.[141]

Honours and awards

Foreign honours

• Kenya Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya[142]
• Serbia Order of the Republic of Serbia, Second Class[143]
• South Africa Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope[144]

Honorary degrees

University Country Honour Year Humphrey School of Public Affairs United States Doctor of Laws 1994[145] Mbarara University of Science and Technology Uganda Doctor of Laws 2003[146] Latin University of Theology United States Doctor of Divinity 2007[147] Fatih University Turkey Honorary degree 2010[148] Makerere University Uganda Doctor of Laws 2010[149] University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania Doctor of Literature 2015[150] See also

• Uganda portal
• Biography portal
• Political parties of Uganda
• Politics of Uganda
• Tokyo International Conference on African Development
• History of Uganda (1979–present)
• Uganda Salvation Front
• Henry Tumukunde

Notes

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[1] Muhoozi Kainerugaba promoted to Major General – YouTube

[2] Museveni promotes Muhoozi to rank of Major General – Daily Monitor

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Lt. Col. Muhoozi is Commander Special Forces The information given here is not the bible truth, Jannet can only be taken as mother in some sense but she is not the biological mum to the boy

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Sources

• Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983). War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House. ISBN 978-9976-1-0056-3.

Further reading

Books

• Museveni, Yoweri (1997). Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda, Macmillan Education. ISBN 0333642341.
• Museveni, Yoweri (2000). What Is Africa's Problem?. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816632782
• Ondoga Ori Amaza. Museveni's Long March from Guerrilla to Statesman, Fountain Publishers. ISBN 9970021354
• Tripp, Aili Mari. Museveni's Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1588267078
• Epstein, Helen C. (2017). Another Fine Mess: America, Uganda and the War on Terror, New York: Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-0997722925

Academic papers

• "Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition", Jimmy K. Tindigarukayo, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4. (December 1988), pp. 607–622. (JSTOR)
• "Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics", E. A. Brett, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1. (March 1995), pp. 129–152. (JSTOR)
• "Called to Account: How African Governments Investigate Human Rights Violations", Richard Carver, African Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 356. (July 1990), pp. 391–415. (JSTOR)
• "Uganda after Amin: The Continuing Search for Leadership and Control", Cherry Gertzel, African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 317. (October 1980), pp. 461–489. (JSTOR)
• "Social Disorganisation in Uganda: Before, during, and after Amin", Aidan Southall, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4. (December 1980), pp. 627–656. (JSTOR)
• "Ugandan Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s: What Impact on Democratisation?", Ellen Hauser, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4. (December 1999), pp. 621–641. (JSTOR)
• "Reading Museveni: Structure, Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics", Ronald Kassimir, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2/3, Special Issue: "French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations". (1999), pp. 649–673. (JSTOR)
• "Uganda: The Making of a Constitution", Charles Cullimore, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4. (December 1994), pp. 707–711. (JSTOR)
• "Uganda's Domestic and Regional Security since the 1970s", Gilbert M. Khadiagala, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2. (June 1993), pp. 231–255. (JSTOR)
• "Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front", Wm. Cyrus Reed, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3. (September 1996), pp. 479–501. (JSTOR)
• "Operationalising Pro-Poor Growth", A Country Case Study on Uganda, John A. Okidi, Sarah Ssewanyana, Lawrence Bategeka, Fred Muhumuza, October 2004
• "'New-Breed' Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Africa Today – Volume 50, Number 3, Spring 2004, pp. 29–52 (Project MUSE)
• "No-Party Democracy" in Uganda, Nelson Kasfir, Journal of Democracy – Volume 9, Number 2, April 1998, pp. 49–63 (Project MUSE)
• "Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations", John F. Clark, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39: 261–287, 2001 (Cambridge Journals)
• "Uganda's 'Benevolent' Dictatorship", J. Oloka-Onyango, University of Dayton website
• "The Uganda Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 1996" (PDF). Archived from the original on 31 July 2004. Retrieved 26 September 2013., James Katorobo, No. 17, Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'est
• "Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda" Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, 1 October 1999
• "Uganda: From one party to multi-party and beyond", Ronald Elly Wanda, The Norwegian Council for Africa, October 2005.
• "Protracted conflict, elusive peace – Initiatives to end the violence in northern Uganda", editor Okello Lucima, Accord issue 11, Conciliation Resources, 2002
• "Profiles of the parties to the conflict", Balam Nyeko and Okello Lucima
• "Reaching the 1985 Nairobi Agreement", Bethuel Kiplagat

External links

• Media related to Yoweri Museveni at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to Yoweri Museveni at Wikiquote
• Official website
• State House Official Website

Political offices Preceded by

Tito Okello

President of Uganda

1986–present Incumbent Diplomatic posts Preceded by

Lawrence Gonzi

Chairperson of the Commonwealth of Nations

2007–2009 Succeeded by

Patrick Manning

• v
• t
• e

Presidents of Uganda

Links to related articles

Authority control

Categories:

• Presidents of Uganda
• Yoweri Museveni
• 1944 births
• Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
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• This page was last edited on 30 July 2023, at 14:24

His name is Jean de Dieu ryumugabe !! He was burn in family of two Boyz from 16 September 1997

At every single moment he said that it's great gift of GOD in his childhood he need to be a normal person not rich but also not poor,have good family like 3_4 children but all it was dreams . So now he is improyer in sewing factory as supervisor in production section.

So every man have dream but our dreamz depends to our every day activities so that is why we need to obey our job because it's our life our dreamz our needz but one thing that is importance than our life our job our future our everything do you know? Is GOD because he gave everything think we needs but most of us not understand .I need chenge from you at least 2 people you changed in this year change from criminals to GOD's sake after all you will get something big from GOD if you're agree with me say amen in comment thank for reading dear

Iradukunda Bethesida (Lil ace Rwanda)

Iradukunda Bethesida

Known as LIL ACE

He is an upcoming artist in singing and acting he is also good photographer skilled in video and photos editing

Iradukunda Bethesida

Born 2003

Height :1.77m

With 60kg by mass

Hirwa Ambassadeur Is Now The Richest & Youngest Youtuber in Rwanda.

At age of 22 years he's the CEO and Owner of Abahire TV, he started Hirwa Ambassadeur Organization and Hirwa Ambassadeur Music Label HAML, all of those he gots at his young age of 22 years now he's the most followed Youtuber in Rwanda

His youtube channel got 11K subscribers just in one day, that's made him the first youtuber in Rwanda. Hirwa Ambassadeur is now also famous for his Electronic dance music EDM he's a Dj at Hirwa Ambassadeur Music Group.

For those who always asking news about Hirwa Ambassadeur i hope now you get all about him.

Hirwa Ambassadeur is famous for his Electronic dance music, Music, songs, animated films, comedy, he started career of animating at Hirwa Ambassadeur 5 years ago.

Who is Hirwa Ambassadeur?

Hirwa Ambassadeur is a Rwandan artist, musician, actor, video creator, author, animator, journalist, YouTuber and TikToker. After all he is the Founder & CEO of Abahire TV.

Early Life.

He was (born on August 24, 2000) in Nyarugenge, Kigali, Rwanda, He grew up in Kigali city later moved in Butare, southern province of Rwanda, where he lived 3 years by his parents. He attended Munazi school for his primary level and Groupe scolaire Kigali for his secondary level.

Music career.

Hirwa Ambassadeur started his career at the age of 18 in Kigali, Rwanda as a songwriter. He later started releasing his originals on major streaming platforms. He first released "Motivate" on YouTube Music in 2022 and then after a few days he released his music on many others international platforms like Deezer, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, Boomplay, JioSaavan, Tiktok, Facebook & Instagram. Hirwa Ambassadeur is best known for his funniest videos "JORIJI BANETI COMEDY" on Facebook, YouTube, Tiktok and other platforms. In August, 2020, Hirwa Ambassadeur is also the owner of Abahire TV on YouTube. After building a strong presence in the film production and music industry, he created a YouTube channel which he uses for music and films, provide funny videos, comedy videos and music videos.

Discography.

Motivate

Skylanders

Planet shakers

Chaos silencer

External links.

https://instagram.com/mrhirwaambassadeur

https://facebook.com/officialhirwaambassadeur

https://twitter.com/ambassadeur120

https://youtube.com/channel/UC11C1_MdDX_DlqB_1TcUovA

https://soundcloud.com/hirwaambassadeur

https://tiktok.com/@jorijibaneti8

https://g.co/kgs/MuzDY5

https://artists.spotify.com/c/artist/4Z5tMTrELdy1cQNzpW7sUr/home

https://beacons.ai/hirwaambassadeur.com

Source : Hirwa Ambassadeur

Jack Woodley: Teens sentenced for gang attack murder.

Written by: Jean Louis Segoe

Ten teenagers who murdered an 18-year-old man in a gang attack have been sentenced.

Jack Woodley, 18, died from a single stab wound during an 80-second attack in which he was punched, kicked and stamped upon by 10 youths.

All 10, now aged between 15 and 18, were convicted of murder and sentenced to life with minimum terms of between eight and 17 years.

Nine of them have launched appeals against their convictions.

A murder trial heard Mr Woodley, from Sunderland, had attended the final night of the Houghton Feast funfair in Houghton-le-Spring on 16 October.

Whilst there, he came to the attention of a group of youths who prosecutors said were intent on attacking someone.

• Why was Jack Woodley killed?
• The case against each defendant

He refused when they challenged him to a fight but they followed him out of the fair accompanied by about 30 to 40 youths.

As Mr Woodley neared the Britannia Inn, a 16-year-old boy ran up and punched him from behind triggering a melee during which a 15-year-old boy fatally stabbed Mr Woodley in the back.

One of the 10 defendants admitted stabbing Jack Woodley with a 9in (25cm) knife.

The judge Rodney Jameson QC said each youth, none of whom can be identified, was responsible for Mr Woodley's death but their involvement varied.

He said any of the youths had the opportunity to withdraw from the attack but the "mob mentality took over and it cost Jack his life", although he said not all of them "intended to kill".

The judge said Mr Woodley was "standing on the threshold of his adult life" having got keys to his new home that day and was due to start a a new job the following Monday.

"He had much to look forward to and must have had high hopes for the future," he said, adding: "None of those hopes will now be fulfilled."

He said the feast was seen as an "opportunity" by some young people to fight over "trivial rivalries" between neighbouring communities and Mr Woodley was marked by the attackers as being a "townie".

Jack Woodley died in hospital a day after being attacked near the Britannia Inn in Houghton-le-Spring

He said Mr Woodley had "done nothing at all wrong at any time" before the attack while some of the youths at least had gone "intending to become involved in violence".

The minimum terms each youth must serve before they can be considered for parole were:

• The 15-year-old with the blade who had moved to the North East to escape a city's gang and knife culture to serve at least 17 years
• The 16-year-old boy who launched the attack must serve at least 13 years six months
• A 17-year-old who was part of the group who went with the boy to get his knife shortly before the attack to serve at least 15 years
• An 18-year-old, who was 17 at the time and also part of the group who got the knife but deemed by the judge not to be "particularly bright or an obvious leader", to serve at least 15 years
• The youngest defendant who was 14 at the time and now 15, to serve eight years as the judge said his youth and low IQ meant he was "not as much to blame as most of the others in the dock"
• A 15-year-old who was 14 at the time who exchanged friendly "fist bumps" with the victim before the attack and shouted "get the chopper out" to serve at least 13 years
• A 15-year-old who was 14 at the time to serve at least 10 years as the judge said he was a "fighter" with a history of violent behaviour but a low IQ meaning he was "easily led"
• A 16-year-old who was 15 at the time to serve at least 11 years after the judge said he was seen for a couple of seconds on mobile phone footage moving towards the brawl with his head concealed by a hood or balaclava, although the youth was not named by any witnesses and did not give any account to police or the court
• A 16-year-old who was 15 at the time who told the court he grappled Mr Woodley but he had not realised it was the victim and he was trying to stop the attack must serve at least 11 years
• An 18-year-old who was 17 at the time who the judge said it was a "crying shame" had got "caught up" in the trouble having overcome a low IQ and ADHD to get a job where he was well-regarded must serve at least 11 years

The judge said while it may seem "unfair" the youths could be released from prison at a relatively young age, the loss of Mr Woodley had to be balanced against each defendant's age, individual circumstances, actual involvement in the killing and chances of rehabilitation.

He said no sentence could compensate Mr Woodley's family for their "permanent and irreversible" loss and it was "not a measure of the worth" of his life which was "beyond calculation".

Even once they are deemed suitable for release by a parole board, each boy would remain on licence for the rest of their life, the judge added.

Though each defendant's actions varied, the judge said there were common features in each of their case, including:

• It was a group attack and Mr Woodley had no chance of defending himself
• 
  
• There was premeditation although some of that was "brief" for some of the youths
• They attacked "solely for the excitement and pleasure" of inflicting at least really serious injury on a randomly selected and entirely innocent stranger"
• Each boy knew there was a knife and by joining in encouraged its use
• The violence aside from the stabbing was "appalling" with multiple punches, kicks and stamps.
• It was committed in public "to the horror" of onlookers
• All attempts to stop the youths were ignored or met with other violence.
• None of them attempted to help or get help for Mr Woodley despite knowing he was injured
• Mr Woodley obviously knew what was going to happen to him when they raised their hoods and he suffered "terror" with one witness saying she had never seen anyone look so terrified

Ahead of the sentencing, the court heard the defendants had expressed "genuine remorse" but the judge said none of the six who gave evidence during the trial had "told the truth" about their involvement and claimed they did not see or could not remember what happened.

"You decided to put the interest of yourself and co-defendants before those of Jack and his family," the judge told them, adding: "You did everything you could to deny them justice."

He said he understood the youths may "regret what happened for many reasons" but "that is not remorse", which meant being "truly sorry not for what happened but for what you did to make it happen".

The sentencing was delayed slightly due to disturbances outside the court between those attending to watch from the public gallery.

Northumbria Police said three men were arrested on suspicion of breach of the peace and affray.

'Joint enterprise'

The judge said the attack and murder was a "joint enterprise" and the youths "all played a part", while prosecutors had said the presence and actions of each youth emboldened others to join in the attack and created the situation for the fatal stabbing.

Speaking after the sentencing, campaign group Joint Enterprise Not Guilty by Association, which opposes joint enterprise convictions, said it was "appalled" by the case.

The group is supporting the families of nine of the defendants who said their sons had been "given life sentences for a murder they did not commit".

The families said they were "mindful of the life that was lost" and "deeply saddened" by Mr Woodley's death but the convictions were "not justice", adding: "We will spend the rest of our lives fighting for our children and our children will spend the rest of their lives maintaining their innocence."

Mr Woodley's mother Zoe McGill said all the defendants were "part of it", adding: "If you involve yourself with someone carrying a knife and you are aware they have a knife then you are as much a murderers.

Jack Woodley was murdered by a group of youths in Houghton-le-Spring, jurors found.

Barbados: Rihanna made national hero as island becomes republic

Barbados: Rihanna made national hero as island becomes republic

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Popstar Rihanna was honoured by Prime Minister Mia Mottley at an event marking Barbados new status as a republic.

The artist and businesswoman, also known by her full name Robyn Rihanna Fenty, was previously named ambassador to Barbados in 2018.

Ole Gunnar Solskjaer will be sacked soon privately!!

• NEWS
• FOOTBALL
• CELEBS
• POLITICS

By Jean Louis segoe ( Ludo D'Afrique)

Cristiano Ronaldo has returned to Manchester United training - with the clock ticking on Ole Gunnar Solskjaer ’s time as manager.

Ronaldo was pictured arriving at Carrington in his black Bentley Flying Spur on Thursday having returned from international duty.

The Red Devils are preparing for a return to Premier League action against strugglers Watford at Vicarage Road on Saturday.

But reports suggest Ole Gunnar Solskjaer remains on borrowed time and the club are privately making plans to appoint his successor.

According to the Manchester Evening News, club chiefs have privately decided they will need a change of manager but it is unclear when a change will be made.

Should Manchester United sack Ole Gunnar Solskjaer? Have your say in the comment section.

Brendan Rodgers is the preferred candidate to replace Solskjaer with Erik Ten Hag and Luis Enrique also identified although Solskjaer may remain in charge until the end of the season.

Despite uncertainty over Solskjaer’s future, United players seemed in good spirts as they returned to first-team training earlier this week.

Ronaldo returned to training after a disappointing week with Portugal which saw them miss-out on automatic qualification for the Qatar 2022 World Cup.

A late Aleksandar Mitrovic goal condemned Ronaldo’s side to a 2-1 defeat to Serbia and left them needing to get through the play-offs to reach the tournament.

Ronaldo’s frustration was clear after the game as he remonstrated with manager Fernando Santos on the pitch at full-time.

And Santos also revealed that Ronaldo took out his frustrations on a Serbian opponent after the game was over.

Ronaldo suffered frustration with Portugal during the international break ( Image: Eamonn and James Clarke)

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"It doesn't make sense," Santos told TVI. "When the game was over, the disappointment was brutal. If it was for the Portuguese, imagine for the players and staff. The players were on the ground.

"I went to the field to support and comfort the players, he [Ronaldo] was telling a Serbian player: 'You wouldn't be laughing if the goal I scored there hadn't been cancelled out'. What I told you was to take it easy.”

Despite the setback, Ronaldo issued a defiant statement on social media insisting Portugal will make it to Qatar.

He wrote: “Football has shown us time and time again that, at times, it is the most winding paths that lead to the most desired outcomes.

“Yesterday's result was tough, but not enough to get us down. The objective of being present at the 2022 World Cup is still very much alive and we know what we have to do to get there.

“No excuses. Portugal heading to Qatar.”

In the meantime, United fans will hope Ronaldo can spark a turnaround in form after turning his attentions back to the Premier League.

READ MORE

Anthony Martial's remaining Man Utd transfer clause proves Jose Mourinho was right

Ole Gunnar Solskjaer 'refusing to quit' Man Utd despite stars' discontent over tactics

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Reports suggest Man Utd are privately making plans to sack Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. (Image by @ldafrique)

Project Title: Tegereza Wemererwe (Managing Social Distancing in clouded area)

Situation/Problem/Opportunity:

Exceptional times require exceptional measures.

In order to meet the stricter requirements for social distancing for fighting against covid-19, public places statistics calculations, for security and we have developed an idea which give an opportunity to design a cost effective new product that provides a valuable support in managing the daily flow of people in different places such as Stadium, banks, churches, bars, market places, public transportation and many more areas.

Purpose Statement (Goals):

§ To avoid emotion in the safety of people in the area by rules of social distancing

§ To identify by counting how many people are located in the area, management of people based on the area we have.

§ Monitoring, keeping information you can retried anytime (Identifying where they are not respecting rules).

§ Sending a SMS to the administrator (Ex. Police Station or anyone who is monitoring the system) which is going to help for some decisions making.

§ Assist in Statistics, by identifying how many people are using the area or who have visited the area (Banks, Stadium, and Supermarket).

To alert someone on the entrance by making a noise and lighting in red as “Danger = Not allowed” and green as” Free = Allowed”, the noise will help for those who have a problem to see (Alert system, to avoid mistakes).

Deliverables (Objectives):

§ Security; identify how many people are in a certain place.

§ Allowing really number of people in the area not to overload people where they are not comfortable (People management).

§ Fighting against covid-19; social distancing.

§ Real statistics calculation

Identify fraud immediately (E.g. the room has the capacity of such a number of people, if there is a stranger, the system will not allow one of the authorized persons to enter the room)

Success Criteria:

§ Smartness City

§ Improve records availability, accessibility of information and documents.

§ Robots which works 24 hours by 7 days.

§ Increase the community of users of the information by providing ubiquitous availability and stability (Ex. Someone in the office is able to see where they are destroying rules which will help for some decision making).

§ Improve outreach campaigns through better tools and automation (Every community is able to get our products by automating they activity).

§ Response time to potential (Records are available anytime, online where it is going to be used if necessary).

Methods/Approach:

§ Due this lockdown, we had time to think how we can deploy anything which can help our people to fight for covid-19 and we have found that our device is not going to work only for covid-19, in many more activities as we explained previously.

§ Producing many devices which are going to serve our nation where are needed.

§ Train users and technical staff how to use the products.

§ Establish support processes.

§ Affordable product

Resources:

§ People – Mpunga Mediateur, Dusenge Patrick and Eric Maniraguha.

§ Time – implementation within two weeks.

§ Provide training to more people on how the system works.

Risks and Dependencies:

§ The cost justification in terms of ease of use, quality of information, speed of accessibility, ease of support and maintenance is difficult to quantify so that management can see improvements in the use of investments in systems.

Conclusion:

§ We have thought about a solution to this pandemic (Covid-19), by avoiding overloading the spaces by using a machine which calculates and gives statistical calculations,

§ We need Support of Ideas to this system.

Tegereza Wemererwe project has the following parts:

1. Box or Pillar

2. Alarm system,

3. Sensors,

4. Process Unit

5. Internet system

6. Battery

7. Cloud technology or Google map

8. Server

I. Box or Pillar

This is the box or Pillar which holds the device, where it is going to be located.

It’s fixed at the entrance and holds sensors and an alarm system, which is activated when the number of people has gone behind a maximum.

So the pillar is a traffic light system placed at the entrance to manage the flow of people; It allows and/or blocks entrance with a help of a big display (green=Allowed to enter; red=not allowed to enter).

The device is covered with a waterproof material, making it usable in any kind of weather.

Note: The device is flexible for different sizes.

II. Alarm System

a) Light Alarm: A traffic light system with 2 different color display (Lighting in red = Not allowed) and (Lighting in green = allowed).

b) Sound Alarm: A buzzer is activated when a maxim number of people has been exceeded, this buzzer makes a loud noise until the number of people is reduced.

c) Data Center: The system can be controlled remotely (via internet / VPN). The system administrator can see everything which is going on. He/she can track and trace all places where they are respecting the rules.

d) SMS Message: The system administrator or owner of the system will be notified via an instance SMS, whenever the rules are not being respected somewhere.

III. Sensors

The counting of people at the entrance and exist is held by PIR motion sensors, which are directly connected to the process unit of the system.

IV. Process unit

This is the main part of the system which collect information from sensors and process the information, and put the information on the server.

V. Internet System

In order to operate, the system needs an internet connectivity. A sim card is needed to each device; we can easily get a good internet from our local ISP (Internet Service Provider).

VI. Battery

The system has an internal battery, which operates when there isn’t electricity, this battery can last for 10 hours in operation. And a solar panel can be added to it. We make sure our system operates 24/7.

VII. Cloud Technology or Google map

For an easy monitoring, the system has a map, with locations of all registered places. All notifications can be seen on the map as well (e.g. when a certain has more people than its maxim, an alert icon is being display on that exact location with a message alert).

VIII. Server System

The system needs a server to store all collected information. All needed information will be retrieved from this server.

Example of how our system will be connected to some buildings:

1. Church

2. Stadium

MASTULLA UMUKOBWA MWIZA WUMUTIMA,

Kuriy' isi hari abakobwa beza , bafite amasomeza, batereka amaso isazi zigatumuka, bafite ikibuno batambuka bagikaraga inyana zigata Izazo. Ariko icyomutarimuzi, Nuko harumukobwa umwe w'umutima, wuje urukundo rumwe rutagirwanabose, umutembanshyushyu umusindagiza bisabo umwiza wurwa Gasabo iwabo winka nabantu, uwarezwe gitore agatozwumuco nyarwanda.

Uwineza Mastulla, nintangarugero mukubananeza naburimuntuwese ndetse ntawamuhiga mugukora akazikose kabyarinyungu mubuzima bwaburimusi. MASTULLA, umutimamwiza awukomora kubabyeyi be bamwibarutse doreko mama umubyara ntamubyeyi numwe namunganya mugusangira nomugusabana ndetse ninyamibwa mumirimo ibyarinyungu yiganjemo ubucuruzi.

MASTULLA, kandi yiga muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda ishami rya Rukara ahoyiga uburezi.

MASTULLA, numwali ukunda kwerekeza umutima kugikorwa ahisemo gukora, kandi numumararungu akaba numusangiza misango burihamwe hose doreko yibitseho nimpano zitandukanye aho agenda azigaragaza kuri YouTube channel ye yitwa MASTULA TV SHOW

Nguyu umwali mbabwira Ni Murorunkwere, Mukobwajana, Uwahogoje beshi akariza benshi.

Channel mwakurikiraho Matula:

https://youtu.be/6gOLBsPAHVU

Yanditswena:

MUNYARUKUKUNDO Sylvestre