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The evolution of Eco-friendly aircraft

Ever since the airline industry started booming in the late 20th century, aircraft manufacturers and their engineers have been constantly and iteratively improving the fuel efficiency of their aircraft. Especially after the oil crisis in the 1970s caused by a disruption in oil supplies from the Yom-Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution of 1979.

The nations who relied on the region’s energy exports such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.S, Japan and western Europe suffered large shortages in petroleum supplies and in turn high prices. This event paved the way for high capacity fuel efficient aircraft such as the Boeing 747 and crippled the newly blossoming supersonic industry in the Concord. Being forced to create more fuel-efficient aircraft, manufacturers had to find innovative ways to improve the carbon footprint of aircraft.

Engines

Aircraft manufacturers frequently outsourced their engines from experienced companies such as Rolls Royce. Initially large airlines utilized turbo jet engines which consisted of an air inlet, compressor, combustion chamber and a turbine which propelled the aircraft of the time with loud jets of hot air rapidly escaping the exhaust nozzle. As turbo fan engines began to be refined to the point of feasibility, aircraft began adopting the more fuel efficient low-bypass turbofans of that era.

These engines were essentially the same as the turbo jet but they had a large ducted fan that fell before the compressors which provided most of the thrust. The bypass ratio of a turbofan is the ratio of the mass flow rate of the “bypass stream” (Flow of air around the compressor, combustion chamber and turbine) to the mass flow rate entering “the core” (compressor, combustion chamber and a turbine). The higher the bypass ratio and the internal temperature of the combustion chamber and turbine, the more thrust can be produced by the engines.

Engineers have been continually increasing the bypass ratio and the maximum internal temperature of the core in order to increase thrust and fuel efficiency. Some innovations such as the chevrons on the engine nacelles of some Boeing aircraft reduce sound levels but also reduce thrust, this shows exactly how engineering is a tug of war battle with physics.

Wings

Airline manufacturers have been copying nature for efficient air foils (the cross section of a wing that produces a pressure difference on either side which results in lift or downforce).

The wingtips of aircraft have had a larger emphasis on the fuel efficiency and stability recently. On the tips of wings there are areas of “bleeding” where the high-pressure air beneath the wing is able to flow around the outside of the wing to the low-pressure air above creating vortices (spirals of air) which increased drag and diminished lift at the tip of the wing. Wing tips acted as barriers to prevent the air from reaching the top of the wing or to shift the vortices away from the wing.

Newer more complex wingtips are being tested and fitted to existing aircraft and new aircraft which also help increase lift and in turn increase fuel efficiency.

Possible aircraft innovation

Obvious improvements like solar panels incorporated to aircraft are being considered, however there are multiple areas of improvement such as the use of electric engines but there are no batteries with a high enough capacity right now but there will always be improvements made by the genius engineers behind each aircraft.

Article by David Ogolo

School: St Georges Sixth Form, Harpenden, England

Unemployment in India- Problems and Solutions

Unemployment basically refers to the state where an individual is deprived of work in order to attain livelihood in the form of income. This problem is witnessed basically in overpopulated countries where population is quite large in comparison to its limited resources. The economy of a country suffers setback because of employment which plays a major part in the development of a country. Every country has a different way of dealing towards this problem like for example in India there was a scheme of 1000 rupees per month as an unemployment allowance announced by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh in 2012 for poor youth who can maintain their studies. Similarly Universal pay Income of 5000 Rupees per unemployed by the Indian Congress leader Rahul Gandhi during the Lok Sabha 2019 Election Campaign was an effective plan since that would motivate the unemployed youth to a large extent and would have curbed in the prevention of various crimes as the youths would have found themselves in a state of business. Mostly youth commit crime owing to the fact of not having enough economical support from the government. There is lack of social development too responsible for this problem. For example- In India this problem is mainly because of lack of institutions such as Health care and Education which nearly accounts for certain percentage of employment. Doctors and teachers are finding themselves in a state of bother as far as the employment area is concerned.

Employment generation takes place by investing in institutions of maximum percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health and education also assisted with providing special training to the teachers and medical practitioners which in turn lead to the overall development and construction of nation, since a healthy and educated individual will only be able to tackle his needs and requirement on a day to day basis. Globalisation of education and health care would also culminate in bringing new brains and would liquidate the economy of a country. The problem of unemployment is quite grave which can be traced to old times, under-developed countries are facing ever worse condition than those of developing nations. Developed countries does not seem to face this issue owing to their holistic development with limited population and huge resources, these countries attract brain drain from other countries on a large scale owing to limited manpower. For any country to prosper, population control should be initiated since large population leads to shortage of resources per individuals which result in various negative activities like theft, murder, extortion, money- laundering, thug, dacoity etc for the sake of money along with land related offences. All these penal problems as mentioned are stated in Indian Penal Code, 1860 the trial is conducted and justice too is given but the work to curb all this is the reason of unemployment and the concerned connected laws associated with it. There should be population control law should be made in the concerned legislature of any country which Indian Government is failing to do so currently. There was a time in India when Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister the law related to population control was initiated but that did not last long. The current Indian Government apparently seems to neglect the important issues that can generate the employment like Health Care and Education as already mentioned along with Agriculture, Industrial development etc which generates employment in the form of labour, manpower and resources on a large scale. There should be unemployed allowance of which the womens should be provided more in comparison so that they can process their maintenance of livelihood also can maintain themselves. The problem of unemployment and initiating laws to tackle it is being neglected by the Indian Government.

To conclude, the unemployment contains lots of negatives and if not handled by the concerned nations it would be quite fatal in the near future. Example of India with 135 crores of population where there is lots of income disparity, currently there is no room being visible of employment. The Indian government is not focussing on developing infrastructure such as agriculture, medical health care, school construction, proper education which constitutes greatly for employment. Employment is the problem to every negative activities of crime as already mentioned earlier. Once there is development of institution there will be demand for manpower which will assist in problem of solution of unemployment along with the population control policy. Last but not the least the government should involved big players of corporate house under corporate social responsibility to come forward and aid the poor in getting the employment by collaborating with government to build institution effectively. With all these points, it is quite clear and evident that problem of unemployment is not impossible to solve yet it requires special concern from the government.

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Scientists have found another property of coffee that is beneficial for women

Scientists from the University of England found a strong connection between the habit of regular consuming of coffee and the accumulation of various types of fat in the female body.

The authors found out that women aged 20-44 who consumed 2 or 3 portions of coffee a day had the lowest obesity - 3.4% lower than those who did not drink coffee at all. For the age of 45-69 years, in order to achieve the best result - minus 4.1% - they had to drink 4 or more portions of coffee. Overall, for all ages, the average percent of total body fat was 2.8% lower in women who consumed 2 or 3 cups of coffee per day.

The connection maintained when various additional factors were taken into account, such as the caffeine content in coffee, smoking and the presence of concomitant diseases. It is important that, in addition to influencing the content of subcutaneous fat, coffee consuming was connected with the amount of visceral fat - the one that surrounds the internal organs and accumulates in the abdominal cavity. It is its excessive amount that is most harmful to health.

For men, this connection was also traced, but to a small extent. Significant results were shown by the age group of 20–44 years: for them, the habit of drinking 2 or 3 cups a day was connected with a decrease in total fat by 1.3%, and visceral - by 1.8%.

About seven million tons of coffee are consumed annually in the world. A volume of approximately 4 cups per day is considered safe, and pregnant women can afford two servings, according to most researchers. Despite the numerous evidence of the benefits of the drink, it is not worth consuming it uncontrollably in large quantities: this can lead to harm to health.

Britain began to mass-produce a potential vaccine against corona virus

Previously, WHO said that at the moment, three drugs from corona virus are officially leading among clinical trials. Meanwhile, the UK said it had begun producing a potential corona virus vaccine. By September, they target to produce about a million dosages.

It is noted that a would-be vaccine was elaborated by scientists at the University of Oxford and is currently in production at seven companies in the UK, Europe, India and China.

“We started the risky making of this vaccine, not only on a small scale, but with a chain of manufacturers in 7 various locations around the world. The target is to get at least a million dosages by September, when we also expect to get test results” — Adrian Hill University Professor said.

It is also reported that at the moment, scientists have announced a set of volunteers for testing the vaccine in humans. In case of failure, losses from the production of the drug will amount to tens of millions of pounds.

English scientists have taught drones to fly in the dark

Have you ever wondered how mosquitoes fly in the dark? And why don't they stumble upon trees and walls? After all, the organs of vision or echolocation, like bats, these insects of the diptera do not use. Researchers at the University of Leeds in the UK understood the mechanism of “night vision” of mosquitoes, calling it an “aerodynamic image,” Science writes.

Insects in the dark use streams of air created by the flapping of their own wings. The jets of air change pressure and speed when an obstacle appears in front, and the mosquito feels these changes thanks to Johnston's organ - a set of receptors at the base of the “antennas” on the head. The maximum distance that a mosquito can “feel” is about 20 lengths of its wings. It was previously believed that this spatial gap is smaller.

Scientists have created a mechanical analog of the mechanism - a set of probes and sensors that record pressure drops. The development is inexpensive and reliable, it can be used on drones. The tests of the new system fixed to the drone were successful, the aircraft detected obstacles in the dark and circled them.

England will allow meetings in parks and sports games

“Boris Johnson announced a“contingent plan ” for opening a society after quarantine, which from this Wednesday will allow the inhabitants of England to spend more time on the street. They outline to permit residents to go out without time limits — for physical training, relaxing in parks and sports (the latter only with those who live together), ” the massage said.

Also, citizens who do not live together will be permitted to meet, provided that it will be in the parks and in compliance with 2 meters of the distance. Workers who, by the nature of their work, cannot work from home will be able to return to work. But the rest is asked to keep on to work remotely. People are asked, as before, not to leave home unnecessarily and to avoid travel by public transport.

While this is a preliminary plan, the final decision should appear before the end of Monday.

Plans set to ramp up coronavirus testing in Leeds.

UK government is planning to increase the number of testing in Leeds with new drive-thru testing centers at Temple Green Park and Ride. The plans are set to conduct at least 1,000 tests a day at this center. These testing centers have been opened to test more and more workers in the city. Leeds City Council has reported that over 57,000 health workers will be assigned to expand testing at this drive-thru center. Mobile testing units and kits will be sent to the center to ramp up coronavirus testing.

The government has announced that anyone above 65 and key workers showing any symptoms of COVID-19 can take the test at this center. Currently, 1,300 cases have been confirmed of coronavirus along with 358 fatalities between March 27 and April 28.

In Britain, the corona virus has caused a deficiency of pets

Britain has faced an acute deficiency of domestic animals due to the virus. Lonely British who found themselves in isolation lined up to get pets.

According to breeders, need for animals has raised to 140 percent in April. At the same time, one can not even hope to get the long-awaited friend so quick - waiting lists usually consist of 100 to 400 people who want them too.

In turn, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Violence against Animals recorded an increase in the amount of visits to their shelters by 600 percent. It clears that especially quarantined Britons are interested in cocker poodles (cockapu), French bulldogs and other dog breeds, which are relatively easy to care for.

Residents of Britain reported about huge black cats who attack sheep

Photographs of a large black cat hiding in the bushes were published by residents of the village of Tedburn St. Mary. In addition, traces of paws were observed, presumably belonging to the same predator, next to the remains of a deer. The forest near the village is now rarely visited by residents due to the regime of self-isolation and this, as local residents suggest, could give courage to large predators.

Dr. Terry Moore, a specialist in large predators of the feline family, said that reports of large cats, presumably cougars and panthers, had been received several times before from Hertfordshire, a four-hour drive from Devon.

Among locals there is an opinion that the huge cats, which they call "Beasts of Bodmin" and "Beasts of Dartmoor", have been living in the swamps of Devon and Cornwall for more than a decade. In July 2019, the owner of the zoo in Dartmoor said that he personally observed three cougars freely walking in the wild, which should have been transferred to the zoo at least three decades ago.

It is believed that panther and cougar could be let out by circus artist Mary Chipperfield after the closure of her zoo in Plymouth in 1978. Since 2000, more than 200 reports of large cats walking through swamps have been recorded in Devon and Cornwall.

There is a new painting in the English infirmary, it is dedicated to doctors

A new painting by the famous street artist Banksy with gratitude to doctors appeared in an English infirmary in Southampton.

A monochrome picture of 1 square meter was hung in the lobby of the infirmary near the emergency room.

It portrays a boy playing with a nurse-superhero at the trash can, in which there are also Batman and Spiderman.

Banksy left a fraze: "Thanks for everything you do. I hope this will brighten up this place, even though it is black and white."

Britons during quarantine buy more alcohol than usual

During quarantine, the British began to buy more alcohol than usual.

According to official figures, in March, sales in specialized alcohol stores in the country grew by almost one third.

This is the largest increase in monthly sales for all the time of observation - since 1988. At the same time, statistics do not take into account alcohol purchased in food supermarkets, where alcohol is most often bought.

Specialized liquor stores in the UK continue to work in quarantine.

Britain extended the training mission for the AFU for three years

The program provides for training for thousands of Ukrainian troops.

The British military will train Ukrainian colleagues for another three years as part of the ORBITAL mission. The decision to extend the relevant program was made by the UK government, the press service of the Armed Forces General Staff reported on Monday, May 18.

"The UK Department of Defense has extended the training operation ORBITAL by March 2023," the report said.

UK has got ahead of Italy in COVID-19 infections

During the pandemic of the new corona virus, 219,070 people fell ill with COVID-19 in Italy. At the same time, 220,449 cases of the disease have already been recorded in the UK. In the UK, with 220,449 (+ 3,923 patients over the past day) cases, 31,855 people died, 1,002 patients have already recovered. The first two cases diagnosed with COVID-19 in the country were discovered on January 31.

In Italy, with 219,070 (+802) cases, 30,560 died, 105,186 people recovered. On February 7, the country confirmed the first case of corona virus.