Palwān Mena ، پاکستان موسم کا حال

I am a medical Student and I have keen intrest in reading articles or writing about the things,observing the things or activities nearby me.Big fan of music and sports too. From now on i will use this platform to express my thoughts.We all know that all of us got the same mind but that same mind thinks in different ways.What i think of things or in which way or ssense i think,the others will not think of that thing like my mind or like me.Everyone have their own thoughts about the thing and everyone thinks about the things according to their perspective and according to their obserations.At some point their is a clash between point of views and thoughts.And by rule we all should respect the opinions of others becuause in their mind their point of view is right. Everyone is Hero/Heroine of theiir life.

قدرت کو سمجھیں

انسان زندگی میں کبھی ناکام نہیں ہوتا۔اگر کوئی چیز ناکام ہوتی ہے تو وہ ہے اُسکا ارادہ،اُسکا حو صلہ،اُسکا تخیل،اس کا آئیڈیا،اُسکی تدبیر،اُسکا دائرہ،اُسکی سوچ،اُسکا طریقہ،یا اس کا منصوبہ۔انسان اس ناکامی کو خود کی ناکامی سمجھنا شروع کر دیتا ہے۔قدرت کا کمال یہ ہے کہ اسنے اس کائنات میں انسان کے لیے سب رکھا ہے مگر ناکامی نہیں رکھی۔اسی لیے تو انسان کو اشرفالمخلوقات بنا دیا ہے۔اگر قدرت نے انسان کو ناکام کرنا ہوتا تو فرشتوں سے سجدہ نہ کرواتی،اسکو افضل ترین مخلوق کا درجہ نہ دیتی۔

اگر آپکو یقین نہیں آتا تو آپ خود دیکھیں آپکو ناکامی کی کوئی بھی ایک جامع تعریف نہیں ملے گی۔ہر انسان،ہر مضمون ناکامی کو اپنے رنگ میں بیان کرے گا۔ آج تک کوئی بھی اسکی ایک ایسی جامع تعریف نہیں بنا سکا جس پر سب متفق ہو جائیں۔ اسکی سب سے بڑی وجہ یہ ہے کہ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ انسان کے اندر ناکامی کا معیار بدلتا جاتا ہے،کسی وقت میں جس کو وہ ناکامی سمجھتا تھا کچھ وقت بعد وہی ناکامی دراصل اپنا وجود،اہمیت کھو چکی ہوتی ہے۔ ہر انسان کے لیے ناکامی مختلف ہے ۔ کسی کے لیے ناکامی دولت کا نہ ملنا ہے،کسی کے لیے ناکامی نوکری کا نہ ملنا ہے۔بچے کے لیے ناکامی کھلونا نہ ملنا ہے،اور کسی بزرگ کی ناکامی شاید اچھی صحت کا نہ ہونا ہے، کسی کی ناکامی شاید خوش نہ رہ پا نا ہے۔ہر انسان اس کو الگ طرح سے بیان کرتا ہے۔یہ محض انسان کے ذہن کا فتور ہے جو اسکو طور سے دور رکھتا ہے۔

حقیقت بات یہ ہے کہ ناکامی تو ایک رحمت ہے،یہ ایک قبولیت ہے،یہ ایک راستہ ہے۔جب کبھی آپ کسی چیز میں ناکامی محسوس کر رہے ہوں تو سمجھ جائیں کہ قدرت کو آپکا منصوبہ پسند آ گیا ہے، قدرت آپکی رہنمائی کر رہی ہے،آپکو راستہ دکھانے کی کوشش کی جا رہی ہے،قدرت نے آپکو کوشش کو قبول کر لیا ہے۔ آپ کے لیے اصل منصوبہ بندی کر رہی ہے۔اب یہ آپ پر ہے کہ آپ اس منصوبہ بندی کو سمجھ سکتے ہیں یا آپ اسکو ناکامی سمجھ کر راستہ چھوڑ دیتے ہیں۔انسان بھی قدرت کا ایک بچہ ہے جب وہ چلنا شروع کرتا ہے تو بار بار گرتا ہے مگر ہمت نہیں ہارتا کوشش کرتا رہتا ہے آخر وہی بچہ بولٹ ، دنیا کا تیز ترین بھاگنے والے بچہ بن جاتا ہے۔کامیاب لوگ قدرت کو سمجھ لیتے ہیں۔وہ اپنے خوابوں کے لیے موزوں زمین ڈھونڈ لیتے ہیں۔خواب بیج کی طرح ہوتے ہیں جو آپکو زمین میں بونے پڑ تے ہیں،یاد رکھیں صحرا میں اُگنے والے پودے پہاڑوں میں نہیں اُگ سکتے،میدان میں جو پھل لگتے ہیں وہ ساحلوں پے نہیں لگ سکتے۔جیسے ہر پودے کو ایک الگ ماحول چاہئے ہوتا ہے،اسی طرح ہر خواب کو بھی الگ ماحول کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔اگر آپ صحرا میں ہیں اور آپکا خواب پہاڑ ہیں تو آپکو سفر کرنا ہو گا اس زمین کی تلاش میں جہاں کا خواب آپ نے دیکھا ہے۔

ہم میں سے اکثر لوگ سفر نہیں کرتے اپنے خوابوں کے لیے موزوں زمین کی تلاش نہیں کرتے۔ہم اپنے خواب کا بیج بغیر سوچے سمجھے بو دیتے ہیں،اکثر اس پر محنت بھی کرتے ہیں مگر ہم اسکو اگانے میں ناکام ہو جاتے ہیں۔ جب ہمارا بیج نہیں اُگتا ہم قدرت کو شکوہ کر کے ہمت ہار دیتے ہیں۔جب کہ اُسکا نا اُگنا بھی قدرت کا ایک رسپانس ہے۔قدرت آپکو سمجھا رہی ہوتی ہے کہ آپکا بیج اس جگہ کے لیے نہیں ہے۔ہر کوئی اچھا ڈاکٹر نہیں بن سکتا،ہر کوئی اچھا انجینئر،کھلاڑی،آرٹسٹ،بزنس میں وکیل،جج،سیول سرونٹ ،یا اچھا استاد نہیں بن سکتا ۔اس لیے تو کہا گیا ہے غور و فکر کرو،اس کائنات میں غور و فکر کرنے والوں کے لیے نشیناں ہیں۔جب آپ غور کرتے ہیں تو آپکو بار بار اپنے خواب کے بیج کے لیے زمین ڈھونڈنا پڑتی ہے۔کامیاب لوگ بار بار اپنا بیج بوتے ہیں آخر کار موزوں زمین ڈھونڈ لیتے ہیں جیسے کہ جیک ما کو ستائیس بار نوکری نہیں ملی پھر وہ علی بابا کا مالک بن گیا۔اس نے اپنا بیج ستائیس جگہ بویا اور آخر اسکو وہ ماحول مل گیا جس میں اُسکا بیج درخت بن گیا۔ ایڈیسن کو ہزار بار سفر کرنا پرا پھر بلب ملا،کے ایف سی کا ملک کو ستر سال سفر کی مسافت درکار تھی۔

جیسے زمین اپنی مدار کی ارد گرد گھومتی ہے یہ لوگ بھی سفر کے دوران اپنے خواب سے دور نہیں ہوئے۔ زندگی کے حالات سے لڑتے رہے مگر اپنے مدار سے دور نہیں ہوئے ،جیسے زمین اپنے محور کے گرد چکر لگاتی ہے ویسے یہ لوگ سیلف انالسس کرتے رہے۔ان لوگوں کو پتا تھا سردی گرمی خزاں کے بعد بہار آ جانی ہے، اور خود کی تکمیل کرتے رہے۔اپنے خوابوں کی زمین ڈھونڈتے رہے۔ یہ لوگ جانتے تھے اگر ایک بہار گزر بھی گئی تو بھی اگلی بہار کی اُمید پے چلتے رہے۔

یہ لوگ ایک ہی اصول پے کام کرتے ہیں وہ یہ ہے یا تو ہم درخت ہیں،یا ہم باغ ہیں۔اس کے علاوہ قدرت نے انسان کو بیکار پیدا نہیں کیا۔ان لوگوں کو پتا ہوتا ہے ہمارا خواب دوسروں کی زندگی بھی بدل سکتا ہے اس لیے ہو سکتا ہے ہمارے درختِ پر پھل نا لگیں مگر بیج ضرور لگیں گے جو دوسروں کے خواب پورا کر دیں گیں۔ان بیجوں سے اور پودے لگیں گے ایک باغ بن جائے گا۔تاریخ بھری پڑی ہے ایسی مثالوں سے ۔ہم زیادہ دور نہیں جاتے آپ علی گڑھ تحریک کو دیکھیں اگر سر سعید احمد خان کا خواب صرف پھل دیتا تو وہ ایک درختِ ہوتا مگر وہاں بیج اُگ گئے جو آگے جا کر ایک باغ بن گے،بل گیٹس،زکربرگ،عبدالستار ایدھی جیسے لوگ اپنے زِندگی میں کئی بار ناکام تھے مگر قدرت ان کے بیج کو درخت نہیں بنانا چاہتی تھی بلکہ باغ بنانا چاہتی تھی۔آخر کار وہ ایسی باغ بن گئے لاکھوں لوگ اپنے خواب پورے کرنے ان کے پاس جاتے ہیں۔ہمیں بھی زِندگی میں یہ اصول اپنا لینے چاہے کہ یا تو ہم درخت ہیں یہ ہم باغ ہیں۔اگر آپ کا پودا نہیں اُگ رہا تو اپنی جگہ بدل لیں،بار بار بدل لیں آپکو ایک دن وہ جگہ مل جائے گی۔دوسرا ہو سکتا آپ خود اپنا خواب پورا نا کر سکیں مگر موزوں زمین کی تلاش کر لیں تو دوسروں کو وہاں کا پتہ ضرور بتائیں تا کہ آپ کا بیج بھی اس کامیاب باغ کا حصہ بن جائے کیوں کہ اگر کسی باغ میں سب درختِ پھل دار ہوں اور کسی ایک پر پھل نا بھی لگا ہو تو بھی سب یہی کہتے ہیں یہ باغ پھل دار ہے۔تیسرا کبھی بھی اپنا مدار نہیں چھوڑنا چاہیے۔ہو سکتا زِندگی آپکو کبھی دور لے جائے،حالات ایسے آ جائیں مگر خواب کو خود سے دور نہ ہونے دیں۔ اگر آپ نے مدار چھوڑا سمجھو کہ آپ اُلجھ گئے پھر آپ مدار میں واپس نہیں آ سکتے۔ ہم کو اپنے محور کے گرد بھی گھومنا چاہے تا کے ہم خود کو بھی سمجھ سکیں ،خود پے کام کر سکیں۔یہ محور اور مدار کا نظام ہے اصل کنجی ہے۔ سب سے اہم بات کہ آپ خزاں کے پھول ہیں تو بہار میں صبر کریں،اگر آپ گرمی کے پھول ہیں تو سردی میں صبر کریں،آپ اگر مدار میں ہیں تو ہر سال بہار بھی آنی ہے،خزاں بھی آنی ہے،سردی بھی آنی ہے اور گرمی بھی آنی ہے۔آپکو اپنا مدار قائم رکھنا ہے قدرت آپکو آپکی جگہ تک ضرور لے جائے گی۔

نعیم الیاس۔۔

(اگر آپکو پسند آئی ہے تو آگے شیئر کر دیں نہیں تو میری رہنمائی کر دیں)

*ڈاکٹرز کہتے ہیں*

جو کھانے آپ کو بچپن میں نا پسند لگتے تھے اگر آج کھائیں تو آپ کو لذیذ لگے گیں کیوں کہ ہمارے منہ کا ذائقہ ہر سات سال بعد تبدیل ہو جاتا ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

جب آپ کسی کے ساتھ بہت زیادہ کلوز ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کا پیغام پڑھتے وقت بھی آپ دماغ میں اس کی آواز سن پاتے ہیں

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

ماہر نفسیات کا کہنا ہے کہ جو لوگ کالا رنگ پسند کرتے ہیں وہ ذہنی طور پر بہت رنگین مزاج ہوتے ہیں

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

ماہر نفسیات کا کہنا ہے کہ دکھ تکلیف آپ کو مضبوط بناتے ہیں خوف آپ کو بہادر اور دل کا ٹوٹنا آپ کو زہین بناتا ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

خواب کی لمبائی زیادہ سے زیادہ بیس منٹ تک ہی ہوتی ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

اپنا نام سننا جب کوئی بھی آپ کو نا بلا رہا ہو تو یہ اچھی دماغی صحت کی علامت ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہی

اگر آپ سارا دن بنا ریسٹ کیے کام کریں تو تو آپ کو سونے میں مسلہ ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ آپ کا دماغ وہ ساری باتیں سوچنے اور کرنے لگتا ہے جو وہ دن کی مصروفیت کی وجہ سے نہیں کر پایا

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

دل کا نشان ❤ کیوں ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ یہ دو اصلی دلوں کو جوڑ کر بنایا جاتا ہے اسی۔ لیے اسے محبت کی علامت کے طور پر استمعال ہوتا ہے

Hy everyone...!

All of you know that 2020 is going to passthrough...and 2021 is on a head right now....

I hope next year will be good for all of us...be happy GOD bless you all...

Hey everyone! This is Saffana, just another college girl who has a love of reading and writing. I believe life without reading is just a boring life and reading is just not possible without writing. The surroundings I live in maybe different from yours but our insides are just the same. When we dig deeper we again differ from each other. We all have the same brain but the mind is always different. The stuff that I think is way different than what you do. My ideas are way different than yours. My philosophy of life might not be the same like many of you. So I want to use this platform to share with the people of the world my ideas and my interests, share my thoughts and the stuff I like. Hope you all will enjoy.

On going Civil War in Syria has killed Thousands of people and left many Injured while forced others to immigrate from their homeland.

GRAFTING:

This is a agricultural manner in which the plant tissues are connected so as to continue their rise collectively. The upward part of the joined plant is known as scion and on the other hand downward part is known as root stock. The progression of this combination demands that the vascular tissues should grow collectively and this type of joining is known as inosculation. This method is extensively used in asexual propagation of plants grown on large scale for horticultural and agricultural dealings. In almost all cases a plant is selected for roots called stock or root stock. And then for stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits another plant is selected known as scion. The scion plant possesses desired genes to be cloned in future yielding by means of stock-scion plant. The vascular cambium of stock and scion should be set in association with each other for fruitful grafting. Studies have shown that attachment of phloem sets up after 3 days and in case of xylem it established after 7 days of pioneer grafting. Grafting joints are not much stronger than the natural ones because only the new formed tissues will fuse with each other not the older ones.

FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

• Compatibility for stock and scion:

As grafting happen when the vascular tissues of stock and scion connects. The plants like monocots can’t be grafted because they are deficient in vascular bundles. It is a common perceptive that more the two plants resemble with each other genetically the more the grafting will be successful. The chance of success for grafting of plants from same species is greater than the plants from different species. Sometimes the plants of same genus also show successful grafting.

• Cambium alignment and pressure:

For successful grafting you should apply firm pressure on the joint where vascular cambium of stock and scion connects so that the tissue connects with each other quickly and the orientation of the joint should be in the line of normal growth. This will enhance the swift movement of water and nutrients from root stock to scion.

• Completed during appropriate stage of plant:

The time when stock and scion of plant are able to yield callus the grafting will be completed. Temperature also effects grafting and high temperature can cease callus formation.

• Proper care of graft site:

When the grafting is done it is necessary to take good care of plant till the plant restores its health. You can use different grafting tapes and waxes to save plant from excessive water loss at the joint of stock and scion. If the plant structure is weak you should provide support to the plant by twine or string.

GRAFTING TOOLS

• Cutting tools:

You have to make sure that the cutting tools are pointed and sharp so that they will give less damage to the tissues of plant; to prevent the transmission of disease it is necessary to keep the tools clean. Cutting knife for usual grafting should have blade of 3 inches and handle of 4 inches. The knives used especially for grafting are bud-grafting knives, surgical knives, and pruning knives. If the size of stock is too large cleavers, chisels, and saws can be used to cut.

• Disinfecting tools:

Using tools treated with disinfectants will make sure that the grafting place is free from pathogens. Absolute alcohol is a standard sterilizing agent.

• Graft seals:

These seals make the grafting spot hydrated. These should be tight enough to stop excessive water loss and loose enough to assist plant growth. Specialized types of clay, wax, petroleum jelly and adhesive tapes are used as graft seals.

• Tying and support materials:

If the structure of plant is weak then it is necessary to provide support to the plant to keep scion and stock in the place. Strips, twine, nails and splints are the support materials for grafting.

• Grafting machines:

Grafting machines are available to reduce the time consumed because doing it by hand consumes a lot of time and skill. There are machines which have ability to graft 800 seedlings per hour.

TECHNIQUES

• Approach:

This method is utilized to connect plants together that are tough to graft. In this method plants are grown near to each other and both have root stocks and then joined and grow collectively from that point of joining. Each scion and stock has its own parents. This grafting will complete at any time of year.

• Bud:

Bud grafting is also known as chip budding in which a bud is used in place of twig. The most usual example of budding is rose grafting. First cut off the shoot of the stock plant then a bud is taken from the host plant; the ground surface of bud is placed under the bark of the stem of stock plant. On stock plant any bud except grafted bud which starts emerging is cut off.

• Cleft:

In this method first of all give a small cut in the stock with the help of a sharp knife and then put sharp end of scion into the stock. The best season for this type of grafting is early spring. This method is best for scion of 1cm on a stock of large diameter. First give a clean from to the downward on the stock or branch to make a cleft of 3cm. The scion should have long deep edge. Now put the scion into the cleft and push it down to the end. Now tape the scion from the upper end of the stock to keep the scion in spot and now overspread grafting wax. It helps to prevent excessive water loss.

• Whip:

In whip grafting a slanting cut is given to the stock and scion and then connected. Then the grafted end is sealed with a soft sealant to reduce water loss and attack of germs. The most usual variation is a whip and a tongue and graft it is a tough variation but the chances of success is very high as the cambium connection between scion and stock is very good. This grafting method is used in fruit trees grown on large scale. This method is commonly utilized with stock of diameter 1cm and the diameter of scion should be nearly equal to stock.

• Stub:

In this method less stock is required as compared to cleft grafting and it will possess shape of a tree. Commonly 6-8 buds of scion are used in this technique. A cut is given on the branch of length 1cm and then the scion is inserted into the branch. Scion must have an angle of 35 degree to the stock. And then it should be covered with grafting materials.

• Four-flap:

It is also known as banana graft and is usually utilized for pecans. It is declared for most cambium covering but this technique is tough. In this the diameters of the stock and scion should be of same size. Skin of the stock is striped into four flaps and the hardwood is eliminated this will look like a striped banana. This technique is very tough to learn.

• Awl:

Awl grafting consumes minimum time and resources as compared to other grafting techniques. This method is discovered accidently by an experienced grafter. In this method grafting is done by utilizing a screwdriver to give a cut in the bark not to cut the cambium layer. Then the scion is inserted into the stock.

• Veneer:

Veneer grafting is also known as inlay grafting, this technique is utilized for stock having diameter greater than 3cm and the thickness of scion should be as pencil. A cleavage is made on the stock to same size of scion then it is inserted into the cleft and covered with tape.

• Rind:

In this method a small sized scion is grafted on a thick stock. On the thick stock 4cm parallel deep cut is given to the stock and then the bark is removed from the wood. The scion is of wedge shape, cambium showing off on both side is inserted into the backside of stock, with flat face towards the wood.

CULTIVATED PLANTS PROPAGTED BY GRAFTING:

• Apple – grafting

• Avocado – grafting

• Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, Tangerine, dayap) – grafting

• Grapes – stem cuttings, grafting, aerial layering

• Mango – ¬grafting

• Nut crops (walnut, pecan) – grafting

• Peach – grafting

• Pear – grafting

• Rubber Plant - bud grafting

Authors

Naeem ul Hassan & Dr. Muhammad yaseen

Department of Agriculture Extension,

College of Agriculture, UOS, Sargodha

𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏

𝑷𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏'𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔, 𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝑷𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 (𝒑𝒅𝒎) 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔. 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒔 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒔. 𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒔. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚. 𝑼𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑𝒔. 𝑶𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 𝒆𝒈𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑻𝒂𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒌 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒂𝒇 (𝑷𝑻𝑰) 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕. 𝑰𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒔 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏. 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒆, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 (𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓. 𝑵𝒂𝒘𝒂𝒛 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒇, 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝑴𝑳-𝑵 𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑'𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇 (𝑪𝑶𝑨𝑺) 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑸𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒓 𝑱𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑩𝒂𝒋𝒘𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑰𝑺𝑰) 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒇 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒅. 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒆𝒔, 𝒇𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒈𝒐. 𝑻𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒇 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝑸𝑴 𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒎 𝒂𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒍. 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄, 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔, 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚, 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅. 𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒂, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒐 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 (𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒚) 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚. 𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔. 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘. 𝑺𝒐, 𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒕𝒔.

𝑩𝒚: 𝑴𝒆𝒉𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝑲𝒉𝒂𝒏

Global Warming

The competition among nations for the sake of economic stability has led the world towards industrialization. The industrialization era has not only brought economic prosperity but has also brought horrible consequences in the form of global warming. Global warming can be define "the average temperature of earth's climate system called global warming" is driving change in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons and more collectively global warming and its effects are known as climate change. The factors helping in global warming are Industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization and wars which are the main cause of green house effect. Although Kyoto Protocol of Japan, Poland Conference and the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change is to limit the global warming well below 2.0 C°. The sustaining or bringing below 2.0C° is not possible until the emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Ozone (O3) are not reduced. If it is not curbed, the world must loss their biodiversity and some parts of land. In which Shanghai city of China and Miami city of America and some Deltas such as of Bangladesh are prominent in the list. The water level is already up to 1 meter and expecting to 2 meters due to floating of glaciers. It is expecting in 2100, the world will loss glaciers from the earth. Global warming is a terrorism creating by humans for self economic eagerness. Therefore the world must run a camping for the sake of future generation. The world must formulate a strategy to minimized the further increasing of temperature. It is possible to overcome deforestation including some important like Amazon Basin in Brazil, Congo Basin in Africa, and Esoterical Forest in Malaysia and Indonesia. Additionally, unplanned urbanisation must be watched. Side be side, the world ought to overcome the usage of fuel and the use of nuclear weapons. By adopting such measures, we can maintain the sea level and save cities from displacement. Agricultural production could be enhanced. Moreover, the biggest threat of water scarcity can be also be minimize by building dams. The world leaders should show big hearts in this regard. So that, our future generation could see the nature beauty (biodiversity).

By Mehmood Khan

Pakistan-United States relations.

Relations between countries are always based on bilateral principles. Unfortunately, in case of Pakistan the ground reality has always been changed from United States of America. Pakistan was a newly emerged country during 1950s, and her leadership was busy to handle the worsened situation, other countries were busy in industrial and agricultural competition. After the world war II, states such as Soviet Union and United States (US) were in cold war. In this condition the newly born country received invitation from both sides. As Pakistan is a Muslim country and Soviet has Godless ideology which was not suited to leadership. So, the country's inclination had towards US. In 1950s, the country was US allied. Pakistan joined Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) called Manila Pact in 1954 and the Central Treaty Organization (Baghdad Pact) in 1955. Pak- US enjoyed the relationship till 1960s, after which, Pakistan came in favour of China and US in support of India. The relationship in 1962, more wrecked when Sino-India war took place. Washington declared India as most closed ally in Southeast Asia. Before 1970s, US shown realistic ties. In 1971, war against India, US helped Pakistan by aid arms and military sharing intelligence. It was done due to Soviet fear, because losing war for Pakistan means paved way to Soviet. In the Zia-ul-Haq regime, both states enjoyed relationship during 1979-1988. Than the era of 1990s was started when Pakistan faced many restrictions. The country was degraded by Pressler Amendment to watched on nuclear proliferation. All types of aid for Pakistan were stopped by US. Although, India had detonated nuclear bomb in 1974 but on 18 May 1998, India conducted nuclear tests. In response Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on 28 May 1998. United States imposed further restrictions on both countries by Glenn Amendment. However, the sanctions were lifted in 2001, in the same year 9/11 tragedy occurred in US. This incident has changed world politics. For the compensation of American citizens US declared war on Afghanistan with the help of NATO. To target Taliban's chief such as Al Qa'ida, Haqqani network and Tahreek e Taliban Pakistan unmanned flying planes used in 2004. These drone attacks were targeting militants group in Pakistani territory. Meanwhile, President Musharaf has given permission for some attacks in tribal areas. But when Pakistan Peoples Party came into power has shown annoyance to US but these drones attack kept on to Pakistan Muslim League N government. In the result of 522 drone attacks from 2004 to 2015 approximately 3852 causalities afforded Pakistani nation. These attacks were not decreased until November 1, 2013 when Tahreek e Taliban Pakistan chief Hakeem ullah Mehsud was killed in Abbottabad (near Islamabad). The operation has given birth to mistrust. In these type of operations innocent people lost lives. After watching the inhuman violations Imran Khan took stance on drones. He compelled Obama's administration to stopped these erroneous attempts in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK). However, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) kept on the country violation. CIA spy Ramyon Davis killed two men in Lahore, Pakistan in January 27, 2011. Than CIA conducted Operation Neptune Spear in Abbottabad and killed Ossam Bin Ladin in May 2,2011 by spy Dr. Shakeel Afridi who had done Ossam DNA test. Shakeel was later sentence 33 years jailed. Additionally, the violations are not stopped here in November at Salala Air base an offensive attack was did on Pakistani patrolling soldiers. In incident 28 soldiers were martyred by NATO near Afghanistan border. Consequently, on public demonstration the government has issued ordered to evacuate Shamsi Air base which was using for drone attacks on tribal areas. Alongside US was insisting on Pakistan for 'do more policy' regarding Pak- India border. India is considered enemy of Pakistan from the day of independence by Pakistan's. Several skirmishes has been occurred on Kashmir issue. Despite all these issues, Bush administration signed nuclear engagement with India. In 2005 and 2008 not only Defense Agreement but also Nuclear Civil Agreement deal signed with India. Additionally $14 billion military equipment deal and granting six nuclear projects to India are the factors beyond dilapidated relationship. These deal affected bilateral relationship between Pak-US. Pakistan has changed her foreign policy under the auspices of Prime Minister Imran Khan administration. He has rejected 'do more policy' from the first day of premiership. Prime Minister Imran Khan visited United States in 2019. During a meeting with President Trump on July 21, 2019 he stressed on peace dialogue and bilateral relationship. Khan was also appreciated for his speech which he delivered in United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA). Although, Pakistan was remained in socioeconomic from 2000 but she has given many sacrifices for world peace order. The war on terror brought to Pakistan due to US mistrust and operations. In result, the country has lost billions of dollars and humans life. Pakistan images was blurred in comity of nations. US must to reviewed her policy regarding Pakistan because Pakistan has great importance in Southeast Asia. The country can play vital role in Afghan peace dialogue and settlement. On the other hand, US must show some elasticity towards Pakistan. USA should to play role as mediator on Kashmir issue. The Americans should not violate the sovereignty of Pakistan which can hurt people. Dual police ought to not be about Pakistan because this type of diplomacy can not run for long. Setting on one table is best for both countries, because geopolitics has been rotating for cold war.

By Mehmood Khan

By; Mehmood Khan

Environmental Pollution:

Natural Pollution Environmental contamination is expanding with each passing year and dispensing grave and hopeless harm to the world. Natural contamination is of distinctive sorts to be specific discuss, water, soil, clamor and light-weight. These cause harm to the living framework. How contamination interatomic with open wellbeing, natural pharmaceutical and the environment has experienced emotional alter. Later oil spills within the Yellowstone Waterway, Gold country tundra and Enbridge (Wisconsin) illustrate how contamination can specifically and by implication affect man’s wellbeing natural contamination was not a medical/public wellbeing issue nor was it talked about in clinical settings. Since the 1950s, natural pharmaceutical has been examined more regularly through a more prominent mindfulness in open wellbeing and preventive medicine; in spite of the fact that nowadays, there's presently a center. Natural and word related medication are be that as it may more commonly seen as an coordinates subject, with accentuation given to mechanical issues. Certainly, contamination issues have been recognized within the far off past but were more effortlessly relieved by nature due to the constrained complexity of the toxin, its degradability (e.g. biodegradable organics) and lower industrialization. Health-related impacts from natural contamination have been well known, but were not completely realized until highly notable occasions just like the Donora (Pennsylvania) brown haze event in 1948 coming about in afterward open wellbeing programs counting in their preparing a discourse of natural medication. There has been an expanded mindfulness of how contamination is watched with respect to its wellbeing affect and demeanors toward open wellbeing and natural medication. Harm from oil spills will not as it were impact open wellbeing but generally illness rates for a long time to come. As natural contamination increments so will the significance of natural medication in overseeing its results.