Pota Yār Ahmad ، پاکستان موسم کا حال

I am a medical Student and I have keen intrest in reading articles or writing about the things,observing the things or activities nearby me.Big fan of music and sports too. From now on i will use this platform to express my thoughts.We all know that all of us got the same mind but that same mind thinks in different ways.What i think of things or in which way or ssense i think,the others will not think of that thing like my mind or like me.Everyone have their own thoughts about the thing and everyone thinks about the things according to their perspective and according to their obserations.At some point their is a clash between point of views and thoughts.And by rule we all should respect the opinions of others becuause in their mind their point of view is right. Everyone is Hero/Heroine of theiir life.

قدرت کو سمجھیں

انسان زندگی میں کبھی ناکام نہیں ہوتا۔اگر کوئی چیز ناکام ہوتی ہے تو وہ ہے اُسکا ارادہ،اُسکا حو صلہ،اُسکا تخیل،اس کا آئیڈیا،اُسکی تدبیر،اُسکا دائرہ،اُسکی سوچ،اُسکا طریقہ،یا اس کا منصوبہ۔انسان اس ناکامی کو خود کی ناکامی سمجھنا شروع کر دیتا ہے۔قدرت کا کمال یہ ہے کہ اسنے اس کائنات میں انسان کے لیے سب رکھا ہے مگر ناکامی نہیں رکھی۔اسی لیے تو انسان کو اشرفالمخلوقات بنا دیا ہے۔اگر قدرت نے انسان کو ناکام کرنا ہوتا تو فرشتوں سے سجدہ نہ کرواتی،اسکو افضل ترین مخلوق کا درجہ نہ دیتی۔

اگر آپکو یقین نہیں آتا تو آپ خود دیکھیں آپکو ناکامی کی کوئی بھی ایک جامع تعریف نہیں ملے گی۔ہر انسان،ہر مضمون ناکامی کو اپنے رنگ میں بیان کرے گا۔ آج تک کوئی بھی اسکی ایک ایسی جامع تعریف نہیں بنا سکا جس پر سب متفق ہو جائیں۔ اسکی سب سے بڑی وجہ یہ ہے کہ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ انسان کے اندر ناکامی کا معیار بدلتا جاتا ہے،کسی وقت میں جس کو وہ ناکامی سمجھتا تھا کچھ وقت بعد وہی ناکامی دراصل اپنا وجود،اہمیت کھو چکی ہوتی ہے۔ ہر انسان کے لیے ناکامی مختلف ہے ۔ کسی کے لیے ناکامی دولت کا نہ ملنا ہے،کسی کے لیے ناکامی نوکری کا نہ ملنا ہے۔بچے کے لیے ناکامی کھلونا نہ ملنا ہے،اور کسی بزرگ کی ناکامی شاید اچھی صحت کا نہ ہونا ہے، کسی کی ناکامی شاید خوش نہ رہ پا نا ہے۔ہر انسان اس کو الگ طرح سے بیان کرتا ہے۔یہ محض انسان کے ذہن کا فتور ہے جو اسکو طور سے دور رکھتا ہے۔

حقیقت بات یہ ہے کہ ناکامی تو ایک رحمت ہے،یہ ایک قبولیت ہے،یہ ایک راستہ ہے۔جب کبھی آپ کسی چیز میں ناکامی محسوس کر رہے ہوں تو سمجھ جائیں کہ قدرت کو آپکا منصوبہ پسند آ گیا ہے، قدرت آپکی رہنمائی کر رہی ہے،آپکو راستہ دکھانے کی کوشش کی جا رہی ہے،قدرت نے آپکو کوشش کو قبول کر لیا ہے۔ آپ کے لیے اصل منصوبہ بندی کر رہی ہے۔اب یہ آپ پر ہے کہ آپ اس منصوبہ بندی کو سمجھ سکتے ہیں یا آپ اسکو ناکامی سمجھ کر راستہ چھوڑ دیتے ہیں۔انسان بھی قدرت کا ایک بچہ ہے جب وہ چلنا شروع کرتا ہے تو بار بار گرتا ہے مگر ہمت نہیں ہارتا کوشش کرتا رہتا ہے آخر وہی بچہ بولٹ ، دنیا کا تیز ترین بھاگنے والے بچہ بن جاتا ہے۔کامیاب لوگ قدرت کو سمجھ لیتے ہیں۔وہ اپنے خوابوں کے لیے موزوں زمین ڈھونڈ لیتے ہیں۔خواب بیج کی طرح ہوتے ہیں جو آپکو زمین میں بونے پڑ تے ہیں،یاد رکھیں صحرا میں اُگنے والے پودے پہاڑوں میں نہیں اُگ سکتے،میدان میں جو پھل لگتے ہیں وہ ساحلوں پے نہیں لگ سکتے۔جیسے ہر پودے کو ایک الگ ماحول چاہئے ہوتا ہے،اسی طرح ہر خواب کو بھی الگ ماحول کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔اگر آپ صحرا میں ہیں اور آپکا خواب پہاڑ ہیں تو آپکو سفر کرنا ہو گا اس زمین کی تلاش میں جہاں کا خواب آپ نے دیکھا ہے۔

ہم میں سے اکثر لوگ سفر نہیں کرتے اپنے خوابوں کے لیے موزوں زمین کی تلاش نہیں کرتے۔ہم اپنے خواب کا بیج بغیر سوچے سمجھے بو دیتے ہیں،اکثر اس پر محنت بھی کرتے ہیں مگر ہم اسکو اگانے میں ناکام ہو جاتے ہیں۔ جب ہمارا بیج نہیں اُگتا ہم قدرت کو شکوہ کر کے ہمت ہار دیتے ہیں۔جب کہ اُسکا نا اُگنا بھی قدرت کا ایک رسپانس ہے۔قدرت آپکو سمجھا رہی ہوتی ہے کہ آپکا بیج اس جگہ کے لیے نہیں ہے۔ہر کوئی اچھا ڈاکٹر نہیں بن سکتا،ہر کوئی اچھا انجینئر،کھلاڑی،آرٹسٹ،بزنس میں وکیل،جج،سیول سرونٹ ،یا اچھا استاد نہیں بن سکتا ۔اس لیے تو کہا گیا ہے غور و فکر کرو،اس کائنات میں غور و فکر کرنے والوں کے لیے نشیناں ہیں۔جب آپ غور کرتے ہیں تو آپکو بار بار اپنے خواب کے بیج کے لیے زمین ڈھونڈنا پڑتی ہے۔کامیاب لوگ بار بار اپنا بیج بوتے ہیں آخر کار موزوں زمین ڈھونڈ لیتے ہیں جیسے کہ جیک ما کو ستائیس بار نوکری نہیں ملی پھر وہ علی بابا کا مالک بن گیا۔اس نے اپنا بیج ستائیس جگہ بویا اور آخر اسکو وہ ماحول مل گیا جس میں اُسکا بیج درخت بن گیا۔ ایڈیسن کو ہزار بار سفر کرنا پرا پھر بلب ملا،کے ایف سی کا ملک کو ستر سال سفر کی مسافت درکار تھی۔

جیسے زمین اپنی مدار کی ارد گرد گھومتی ہے یہ لوگ بھی سفر کے دوران اپنے خواب سے دور نہیں ہوئے۔ زندگی کے حالات سے لڑتے رہے مگر اپنے مدار سے دور نہیں ہوئے ،جیسے زمین اپنے محور کے گرد چکر لگاتی ہے ویسے یہ لوگ سیلف انالسس کرتے رہے۔ان لوگوں کو پتا تھا سردی گرمی خزاں کے بعد بہار آ جانی ہے، اور خود کی تکمیل کرتے رہے۔اپنے خوابوں کی زمین ڈھونڈتے رہے۔ یہ لوگ جانتے تھے اگر ایک بہار گزر بھی گئی تو بھی اگلی بہار کی اُمید پے چلتے رہے۔

یہ لوگ ایک ہی اصول پے کام کرتے ہیں وہ یہ ہے یا تو ہم درخت ہیں،یا ہم باغ ہیں۔اس کے علاوہ قدرت نے انسان کو بیکار پیدا نہیں کیا۔ان لوگوں کو پتا ہوتا ہے ہمارا خواب دوسروں کی زندگی بھی بدل سکتا ہے اس لیے ہو سکتا ہے ہمارے درختِ پر پھل نا لگیں مگر بیج ضرور لگیں گے جو دوسروں کے خواب پورا کر دیں گیں۔ان بیجوں سے اور پودے لگیں گے ایک باغ بن جائے گا۔تاریخ بھری پڑی ہے ایسی مثالوں سے ۔ہم زیادہ دور نہیں جاتے آپ علی گڑھ تحریک کو دیکھیں اگر سر سعید احمد خان کا خواب صرف پھل دیتا تو وہ ایک درختِ ہوتا مگر وہاں بیج اُگ گئے جو آگے جا کر ایک باغ بن گے،بل گیٹس،زکربرگ،عبدالستار ایدھی جیسے لوگ اپنے زِندگی میں کئی بار ناکام تھے مگر قدرت ان کے بیج کو درخت نہیں بنانا چاہتی تھی بلکہ باغ بنانا چاہتی تھی۔آخر کار وہ ایسی باغ بن گئے لاکھوں لوگ اپنے خواب پورے کرنے ان کے پاس جاتے ہیں۔ہمیں بھی زِندگی میں یہ اصول اپنا لینے چاہے کہ یا تو ہم درخت ہیں یہ ہم باغ ہیں۔اگر آپ کا پودا نہیں اُگ رہا تو اپنی جگہ بدل لیں،بار بار بدل لیں آپکو ایک دن وہ جگہ مل جائے گی۔دوسرا ہو سکتا آپ خود اپنا خواب پورا نا کر سکیں مگر موزوں زمین کی تلاش کر لیں تو دوسروں کو وہاں کا پتہ ضرور بتائیں تا کہ آپ کا بیج بھی اس کامیاب باغ کا حصہ بن جائے کیوں کہ اگر کسی باغ میں سب درختِ پھل دار ہوں اور کسی ایک پر پھل نا بھی لگا ہو تو بھی سب یہی کہتے ہیں یہ باغ پھل دار ہے۔تیسرا کبھی بھی اپنا مدار نہیں چھوڑنا چاہیے۔ہو سکتا زِندگی آپکو کبھی دور لے جائے،حالات ایسے آ جائیں مگر خواب کو خود سے دور نہ ہونے دیں۔ اگر آپ نے مدار چھوڑا سمجھو کہ آپ اُلجھ گئے پھر آپ مدار میں واپس نہیں آ سکتے۔ ہم کو اپنے محور کے گرد بھی گھومنا چاہے تا کے ہم خود کو بھی سمجھ سکیں ،خود پے کام کر سکیں۔یہ محور اور مدار کا نظام ہے اصل کنجی ہے۔ سب سے اہم بات کہ آپ خزاں کے پھول ہیں تو بہار میں صبر کریں،اگر آپ گرمی کے پھول ہیں تو سردی میں صبر کریں،آپ اگر مدار میں ہیں تو ہر سال بہار بھی آنی ہے،خزاں بھی آنی ہے،سردی بھی آنی ہے اور گرمی بھی آنی ہے۔آپکو اپنا مدار قائم رکھنا ہے قدرت آپکو آپکی جگہ تک ضرور لے جائے گی۔

نعیم الیاس۔۔

(اگر آپکو پسند آئی ہے تو آگے شیئر کر دیں نہیں تو میری رہنمائی کر دیں)

On going Civil War in Syria has killed Thousands of people and left many Injured while forced others to immigrate from their homeland.

GRAFTING:

This is a agricultural manner in which the plant tissues are connected so as to continue their rise collectively. The upward part of the joined plant is known as scion and on the other hand downward part is known as root stock. The progression of this combination demands that the vascular tissues should grow collectively and this type of joining is known as inosculation. This method is extensively used in asexual propagation of plants grown on large scale for horticultural and agricultural dealings. In almost all cases a plant is selected for roots called stock or root stock. And then for stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits another plant is selected known as scion. The scion plant possesses desired genes to be cloned in future yielding by means of stock-scion plant. The vascular cambium of stock and scion should be set in association with each other for fruitful grafting. Studies have shown that attachment of phloem sets up after 3 days and in case of xylem it established after 7 days of pioneer grafting. Grafting joints are not much stronger than the natural ones because only the new formed tissues will fuse with each other not the older ones.

FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

• Compatibility for stock and scion:

As grafting happen when the vascular tissues of stock and scion connects. The plants like monocots can’t be grafted because they are deficient in vascular bundles. It is a common perceptive that more the two plants resemble with each other genetically the more the grafting will be successful. The chance of success for grafting of plants from same species is greater than the plants from different species. Sometimes the plants of same genus also show successful grafting.

• Cambium alignment and pressure:

For successful grafting you should apply firm pressure on the joint where vascular cambium of stock and scion connects so that the tissue connects with each other quickly and the orientation of the joint should be in the line of normal growth. This will enhance the swift movement of water and nutrients from root stock to scion.

• Completed during appropriate stage of plant:

The time when stock and scion of plant are able to yield callus the grafting will be completed. Temperature also effects grafting and high temperature can cease callus formation.

• Proper care of graft site:

When the grafting is done it is necessary to take good care of plant till the plant restores its health. You can use different grafting tapes and waxes to save plant from excessive water loss at the joint of stock and scion. If the plant structure is weak you should provide support to the plant by twine or string.

GRAFTING TOOLS

• Cutting tools:

You have to make sure that the cutting tools are pointed and sharp so that they will give less damage to the tissues of plant; to prevent the transmission of disease it is necessary to keep the tools clean. Cutting knife for usual grafting should have blade of 3 inches and handle of 4 inches. The knives used especially for grafting are bud-grafting knives, surgical knives, and pruning knives. If the size of stock is too large cleavers, chisels, and saws can be used to cut.

• Disinfecting tools:

Using tools treated with disinfectants will make sure that the grafting place is free from pathogens. Absolute alcohol is a standard sterilizing agent.

• Graft seals:

These seals make the grafting spot hydrated. These should be tight enough to stop excessive water loss and loose enough to assist plant growth. Specialized types of clay, wax, petroleum jelly and adhesive tapes are used as graft seals.

• Tying and support materials:

If the structure of plant is weak then it is necessary to provide support to the plant to keep scion and stock in the place. Strips, twine, nails and splints are the support materials for grafting.

• Grafting machines:

Grafting machines are available to reduce the time consumed because doing it by hand consumes a lot of time and skill. There are machines which have ability to graft 800 seedlings per hour.

TECHNIQUES

• Approach:

This method is utilized to connect plants together that are tough to graft. In this method plants are grown near to each other and both have root stocks and then joined and grow collectively from that point of joining. Each scion and stock has its own parents. This grafting will complete at any time of year.

• Bud:

Bud grafting is also known as chip budding in which a bud is used in place of twig. The most usual example of budding is rose grafting. First cut off the shoot of the stock plant then a bud is taken from the host plant; the ground surface of bud is placed under the bark of the stem of stock plant. On stock plant any bud except grafted bud which starts emerging is cut off.

• Cleft:

In this method first of all give a small cut in the stock with the help of a sharp knife and then put sharp end of scion into the stock. The best season for this type of grafting is early spring. This method is best for scion of 1cm on a stock of large diameter. First give a clean from to the downward on the stock or branch to make a cleft of 3cm. The scion should have long deep edge. Now put the scion into the cleft and push it down to the end. Now tape the scion from the upper end of the stock to keep the scion in spot and now overspread grafting wax. It helps to prevent excessive water loss.

• Whip:

In whip grafting a slanting cut is given to the stock and scion and then connected. Then the grafted end is sealed with a soft sealant to reduce water loss and attack of germs. The most usual variation is a whip and a tongue and graft it is a tough variation but the chances of success is very high as the cambium connection between scion and stock is very good. This grafting method is used in fruit trees grown on large scale. This method is commonly utilized with stock of diameter 1cm and the diameter of scion should be nearly equal to stock.

• Stub:

In this method less stock is required as compared to cleft grafting and it will possess shape of a tree. Commonly 6-8 buds of scion are used in this technique. A cut is given on the branch of length 1cm and then the scion is inserted into the branch. Scion must have an angle of 35 degree to the stock. And then it should be covered with grafting materials.

• Four-flap:

It is also known as banana graft and is usually utilized for pecans. It is declared for most cambium covering but this technique is tough. In this the diameters of the stock and scion should be of same size. Skin of the stock is striped into four flaps and the hardwood is eliminated this will look like a striped banana. This technique is very tough to learn.

• Awl:

Awl grafting consumes minimum time and resources as compared to other grafting techniques. This method is discovered accidently by an experienced grafter. In this method grafting is done by utilizing a screwdriver to give a cut in the bark not to cut the cambium layer. Then the scion is inserted into the stock.

• Veneer:

Veneer grafting is also known as inlay grafting, this technique is utilized for stock having diameter greater than 3cm and the thickness of scion should be as pencil. A cleavage is made on the stock to same size of scion then it is inserted into the cleft and covered with tape.

• Rind:

In this method a small sized scion is grafted on a thick stock. On the thick stock 4cm parallel deep cut is given to the stock and then the bark is removed from the wood. The scion is of wedge shape, cambium showing off on both side is inserted into the backside of stock, with flat face towards the wood.

CULTIVATED PLANTS PROPAGTED BY GRAFTING:

• Apple – grafting

• Avocado – grafting

• Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, Tangerine, dayap) – grafting

• Grapes – stem cuttings, grafting, aerial layering

• Mango – ¬grafting

• Nut crops (walnut, pecan) – grafting

• Peach – grafting

• Pear – grafting

• Rubber Plant - bud grafting

Authors

Naeem ul Hassan & Dr. Muhammad yaseen

Department of Agriculture Extension,

College of Agriculture, UOS, Sargodha

khty ho k chup rho k ab batien khatam hain

kh do k tmhen batien krne ka dil ab he nahin

khtay ho k ab jao yahan se hmain yun tng na kro

kh do k tmhen sath nibhanay ki chah ab ha he nhi

khty ho k ab tmhara mera sath ikhtitam ko puhncha

kh do k jo pal sath bitaey hn wo kbhi yad aeyngy nhi

khty ho k ye silsila e muhabbat dagdar hai jhoot hai

kh do k bss tmhen hmaari muhabaat ka aitbar he nhi

khty ho k apna payar dil anaayatain dfnaa chukay ho ab

ye kion nhi khty k hm se taluq nibhanay ki koi wja he nhi

khty ho k hm ne dukh dia aur tora hai tmharay dil ko

tora jo hm ne hai tou ab kya hum isay jorain b nahin

khty hain hm tmhen k ab jao aur sath chor do hmara

kionk ye maloom hai k tere bina hm jiyengy b nahin

ma keh dun k jeenay ki koi khawish nhi hai ab iss dil ko hasnaat

ye kesay kahun k tum bin ksshi ki bchi ab zindagi bhe nahin

tm khty they k janaan tere bina jeenay ka tsawwar he nhi

aj hmari 2 se zada batien krne pe pass rhny detay b nahin😭

tum keh do k jao chor char k sb kch chli jao

kesay kahun k tm bin ik pl guzrta he nahin😭

wo tmhara bar bar whtsapp se janay k liay plz plz khna😭

qssam se jan jao k ks qdr drd hota hai tou kbhi kahogy nhi

ma pagal the jo teri hr bat ko sch maan lia ma ne

qasam Khuda ki jhooti meri muhabbat bhe nahin

tou khta tha k ajkl bss tuu he tu hai kssshiii

aaj ka tou dikhta ha lakin kal ka pta he nahin

chl aaj ye ma khud se kh dun k tu sch tera hr wada sch

shayd k tere waadun ma kisi kl ka koi waada he nahin

tu jan le k kis qadar dil ko aarzoo hai teri

tu jan le k kis qadar dil ko tarap hai teri

tu jan le k ks qadar abkhen roi hn tere liay

tu jan le k ks qadar payaar hai mjhy tm se

qasam se tu kbhi mjhy chor kr jaeyga nhi

tjh se milnay k liay kahin manatain maangi hain hasnaat

tere na milnay se wo mntain kbhi poori hongi nahin

meri hr bat jhooti hr afsana hr khwab jhoota

mgr ae janaan schi teri bhe herr baat nahin

meri roodad ma agrcha zoq e sukhan bht km hai jaanan

teri hr bat khnay pe muhabt se jagi writer ab jagegi nhi

ma maanti hun k meri muhabt chnd lfzun ki muhtaj nhi hny

alfaz khtm jzbat khtm mgr dil se kbhi muhbt khtm ho gi nhi

tm khtay ho k muhabbat k bina insan shair nhi kh skta

mjhy kion lgta hai merr shayri ki ab koi haisiat he nhi

ma kitna likhun kitna likhun k teri yaad na aey mjhay

ma kya krun k meri aankhen tjyy yad k kr roein b nahin

aansso nhi hain ....teri pyaari yadun ki brsaat hai ye

lkn drti hun k ma in ma beh kr ta umr kho na jaun kahin

teri yaadein dil ko sukoon se rhany nhi deti hasnaat

mere in drdun ka ilaaj kiay bgair tu kahin jana nahin

kis munh se tjhy rokun teri shaan ma kch kahun

kionk ab ma shyd teri minnat krne k qabil b nhi

tm khty ho k hmari batun ne tmhen ktny din tk rulaya

ab tumhari yadun ma kya hm umr bhr royengy nahin

smjh nahin ati k fqt Allah se ab zindagi mangun ya phir mout

tu apne sath rkhna nhi chahta ma tere bgair reh skti he nahin

mere zoq ma zrf ma kmi ho gi shyad hasnaat

lkn teri batun ko dimagh se kbbi socha he nhi

tm jo khty ho k jb milna nhi tou iss bat ka faida kya hai

maloom hmain zindagi ki shaam honay ka bhe nahin

drr si gae ma aaj jb dekha ma ne ainay ma khud ko

ye thaan lia k tere bin ab ainay ma dekhungi he nhi

aina b wohi jo zahri rang ko dikhata hai shayd

kionk kisi drd ko dikhnay wala aina bna b nahin

syaanay khty hain k dil b ak ainaa hai srtaaj

lakn uss ainay ko sahi se shyd dekha he nhi

dekh leta tou saaf nhi aks tou nzar aa jata hmara

lakin shayd tjh ma ye bat krne ka hosla he nahin

na phly na ab ma magti hun tjh se kch b jaan

lkn apni duano ma ab tou mjhy mangna b nhi

maangun gi nahi kionk shyad tou chahta hau

dil ko bnanay wala shyd tjhy dil se nikaly ga nahin

meri bebssi tou dekh k shair b kh rhe aur ro b rhe

teri tsweer ma b hlki si udaasi mjhy brdaasht nahin

ma teri khushi mangti hun Rabb se k tere drd mitt jaien yar

lakin shyd gunahon k sbab meri dua ma b koi asar he nahin

iss shoq se yqeen se mangun gi ma tere liay hr pal dua

k mere sohnay Allah k han dhair hai magar andher nahin

Poet : Jaan e Mann

Agr ham kisi se baat krty waqt , pehly 1 baar khud ko us ki Jgha rakh k dekhen . To mere khiyaal se hmaary Maashry k aadhy Masly to ese hi hall ho Jaen ge

The World Bank In Pakistan

Summary:-

Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan’s youth provides the country with a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.

In July 2019, Pakistan entered into a 39-month Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangement with the International Monetary Fund. Stabilization measures under the EFF were expected to moderate aggregate demand pressures in the economy. Leading indicators suggested a slowdown in growth in the first 7-8 months of FY20[1]. The output of large-scale manufacturing (which accounts for around 50 percent of industrial output) contracted by 3.4 percent in Jul-Jan FY20. The agriculture sector, however, registered growth in the rice and livestock sub-sectors.

However, the rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus since February 2020 has brought economic activity to a near-halt. Most of the country has been placed under a partial lockdown. The closure of non-essential businesses and domestic supply chain disruptions are having a significant impact on wholesale and retail trade and transport, storage and communication, the largest sub-sectors of the services sector. The drop in domestic and global demand is also compounding the strains on the industrial sector, which is hit by both supply and demand shocks. In addition, the country’s main industrial sector – textiles and apparel – is highly exposed to COVID-19-related disruptions due to its labor-intensity.

Average inflation increased to 11.8 percent during Jul-Mar FY20 (from 6.8 percent in Jul-Mar FY19) reflecting upward adjustments in administrated prices and exchange rate depreciation pass-through. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) maintained a tight monetary stance during this period, keeping the policy rate at 13.25 percent to dampen inflationary expectations. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread, it reduced the policy rate to 11.0 percent in March 2020.

The Current Account Deficit (CAD) narrowed to 1.0 percent of GDP in Jul-Feb FY20, from 3.5 percent in the same period in FY19, thanks to a 17.5 percent decline in goods imports. This, together with large multilateral disbursements and higher foreign investment flows, helped shore up gross international reserves to US$13.2 billion (as of March 27th, 2020)—or equivalent to 3.5 months of imports. However, due to global developments, foreign investors have offloaded more than half of their position in domestic securities since February 2020. The exchange rate, which had remained relatively stable through June-February FY20, depreciated by 7.3 percent in March.

In the first half of FY20, the fiscal deficit stood at 2.3 percent of GDP, compared to 2.7 percent in the first six months of FY19. The fiscal adjustment was achieved through increases in domestic revenue collections and slower growth in non-interest recurrent expenditures. However, the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to put significant pressure on expenditures whereas revenue collections are expected to be negatively impacted. Pakistan’s public debt, which stood at 87.5 percent of GDP at the end of FY19, may rise as a result.

Real GDP growth is projected to contract by 1.3 percent in FY20 as domestic and global economic activity slows down sharply in the last four months of the fiscal year. The outbreak of COVID-19 will impact growth beyond FY20. Under the baseline scenario, growth will remain muted in FY21 before reaching 3.2 percent in FY22. Inflation is expected to average 11.8 percent in FY20 and to gradually decline thereafter.

The current account deficit is projected to narrow to 1.9 percent in FY20, as imports contract more than exports. Export growth is expected to remain negative in FY21 but to subsequently rebound. Similarly, imports are expected to recover slowly from FY22 on wards, as domestic industrial activities pick up. Remittances are expected to contract in FY20 and FY21, respectively, due to lower growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council economies. Increased multilateral and bilateral flows are expected to be the main financing sources over the medium-term.

The fiscal deficit is expected to remain elevated in FY20 and FY21. Revenue mobilization efforts will be negatively impacted by subdued domestic activity, while expenditures will increase to contain the spread of COVID-19 and support the economy. The fiscal deficit is expected to fall gradually by FY22 as the impact of the crisis tapers-off. However, the public debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to increase and remain elevated over the medium-term, with Pakistan’s exposure to debt-related shocks remaining high.

There are considerable downside risks to the outlook. The immediate challenge for the government is to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, while minimizing economic losses and protecting the poorest. In the medium-to-long term, the government should remain focused on implementing structural reforms to boost private investment sustainably.

*ڈاکٹرز کہتے ہیں*

جو کھانے آپ کو بچپن میں نا پسند لگتے تھے اگر آج کھائیں تو آپ کو لذیذ لگے گیں کیوں کہ ہمارے منہ کا ذائقہ ہر سات سال بعد تبدیل ہو جاتا ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

جب آپ کسی کے ساتھ بہت زیادہ کلوز ہو جاتے ہیں تو اس کا پیغام پڑھتے وقت بھی آپ دماغ میں اس کی آواز سن پاتے ہیں

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

ماہر نفسیات کا کہنا ہے کہ جو لوگ کالا رنگ پسند کرتے ہیں وہ ذہنی طور پر بہت رنگین مزاج ہوتے ہیں

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

ماہر نفسیات کا کہنا ہے کہ دکھ تکلیف آپ کو مضبوط بناتے ہیں خوف آپ کو بہادر اور دل کا ٹوٹنا آپ کو زہین بناتا ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

خواب کی لمبائی زیادہ سے زیادہ بیس منٹ تک ہی ہوتی ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

اپنا نام سننا جب کوئی بھی آپ کو نا بلا رہا ہو تو یہ اچھی دماغی صحت کی علامت ہے

کیا آپ جانتے ہی

اگر آپ سارا دن بنا ریسٹ کیے کام کریں تو تو آپ کو سونے میں مسلہ ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ آپ کا دماغ وہ ساری باتیں سوچنے اور کرنے لگتا ہے جو وہ دن کی مصروفیت کی وجہ سے نہیں کر پایا

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں

دل کا نشان ❤ کیوں ہوتا ہے کیوں کہ یہ دو اصلی دلوں کو جوڑ کر بنایا جاتا ہے اسی۔ لیے اسے محبت کی علامت کے طور پر استمعال ہوتا ہے

Hy everyone...!

All of you know that 2020 is going to passthrough...and 2021 is on a head right now....

I hope next year will be good for all of us...be happy GOD bless you all...

Hey everyone! This is Saffana, just another college girl who has a love of reading and writing. I believe life without reading is just a boring life and reading is just not possible without writing. The surroundings I live in maybe different from yours but our insides are just the same. When we dig deeper we again differ from each other. We all have the same brain but the mind is always different. The stuff that I think is way different than what you do. My ideas are way different than yours. My philosophy of life might not be the same like many of you. So I want to use this platform to share with the people of the world my ideas and my interests, share my thoughts and the stuff I like. Hope you all will enjoy.

Democracy or Dictatorship

Democracy is the invention of Greece. Plato and the teacher of Plato's Socrates, who were also from Greek were opposing the democracy. Because , they have examined that democracy is fruitful only in ideal form, which is not possible at all. Abraham Lincoln, the famous American President, said that democracy is form of government which is by the people, for the people, and of the people. In other words, you can say that “majority is the authority” is the concept behind democracy. Now if there is a conflict regarding Country security or Education issues between 100 illiterate persons and 50 Ph.D. scholars, then who will win in a democracy? Simply, they will go for voting and the result will be in the favors of 100 illiterate. On 13 August 1947, when the Sun of darkness sit, and on 14 August when the sun of hope, the sun of a struggle arose, the newborn country thought that a time for non-stop progress has come. But unfortunately, just after 10/11 years, Pakistan came under has first Martial law, and till today it is under Martial law either in one form or another. Henry Clinton, in of her interview said that Pakistan is a deep state mean that a country which is indirectly controlled by their military. They chose among them and then use him against them. But when he is near to get maturity, they demolish him. Before, When Imran khan was not elected or selected for the Chair, He said in of his interview, that there is no need for an extension in Army chief period, no matter if it is war. But why has he given an extension to the army chief? Now, turn your mind back to the Nawaz Sharif era. If Pakistan military is really interfering in the political issues, Why he didn’t speak the same thing, when they were blessing with the chair? which he is shouting nowadays. Because, they have no concern with this country. They always look for their personal interest. So far, neither democracy nor dictatorship has done for this country. We have already lost Bengal, we can not manage any other loss. A time has come to be united. To stand like one nation. Every individual has to perform has a duty. Otherwise, it will be too late to recover.

Long-live Pakistan 🇵🇰.

Are there any conflicts between religion and philosophy?

Ans: Religion is related to human beliefs, while philosophy depends upon evidence and rationality. Religion could be defined as “ The worship of God and having faith in and to perform those actions or activity, which are related to the specific God”; while philosophy can be defined as “the search of wisdom”. Philosophy is related to depend on human wisdom, they want to know how, why, and what of the universe. They ask for reasons. The need proofs. While in religion, you would beliefs without asking about how and why. You have to follow the instructions whatever they are. There are so many religions around the world, but the most famous among them are Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. They all beliefs in one God, but there view about the messengers of God are different. If we compare Philosophy with Islam, then we can say that philosophy is the sub-branch of Islam. Islam provides answers to all kinds of philosophical questions. Philosophy analyzes the concept of Religion, that either is it possible, either the given statement by the religion is up to the mark. Philosophy is detailed and critical, while religion is only detailed.

write an essay on the topic, what is popular in popular fiction?

Ans: The word popular means “famous”, while the word fiction is derived from the word “ factious”,

which mean unreal. So, popular fiction mean the literature created from the imagination. Popular

fiction include that part of literature which is free from reality. Popular fiction are just for entertainment

purposes. Its does not deal with what is actually happening in society. Popular fiction is also called

“genre fiction” or “categorized fiction”. The word genre is a French word which mean style.

In general, we have two types of fiction: Literary fiction ( mainly focused on language and also

concentrate on the style and quality of writing, Popular fiction( people read it for entertainment

purposes).

Popular fiction is sub-categories into many parts including, Romance fiction, Action Adventure, Science

fiction, Fantasy fiction, Speculative fiction, historical fiction and contemporary fiction etc. Determining

the most popular fiction genres is not as straightforward a task as it may seem. Is popularity judged by

how many people say they prefer a certain genre, by books actually read, by revenue, or by books

published? Each of these questions will yield a different answer.Time period is also a consideration. Are

we looking at last year’s books, last decade’s books, or all-time publishing and sales records? The

infographic above from Ebook Friendly is a compilation of all book sales for which there are figures.

Children’s books are clearly the winner. But one has to take into account the boost in sales generated by

the Harry Potter series, which alone generated $25 billion in revenue, selling more than 400 million books

worldwide. And while the Harry Potter books may be classed as children’s fiction, they may also be

classed as cross-over, fantasy, and magical realism. Given these complexities, let’s break down what is

meant by popularity based on what people say they read (which encompasses books people borrow from

libraries), which books are sold, which genres generate the greatest revenue, and which books agents

and publishers predict will sell, as these will produce the greatest number of contracts.

According to Statistica, the most popular genre in the U.S. is Mystery/Thriller/Crime books. Nearly half of

their respondents said they had read books in this genre in 2015. This was followed by Romance, which

nearly a third (27%) had read. However, according to Nielsen BookScan, which compiles data on actual

sales, the most popular adult genre in 2015 was general adult fiction followed by romance and

suspense/thrillers. Children’s books sold more than three times the number of adult books. The most

popular genres according to 2015 Nielson sales data are:

Children’s General Fiction (49,325)

Children’s Science Fiction/Fantasy/Magic (44,578)

Children’s Social Situations/Family/Health (24,932)

Adult General Fiction (35,101)

Adult Suspense/Thrillers (21,783)

According to Query Tracker the top ten most requested genres are:

1 Young Adult

2 Fantasy

3 Literary Fiction

4 Children’s

5 Science Fiction

6 Thrillers/Suspense

7 Middle Grade

8 Romance

9 Historical

10 Women’s Fiction

Adult Romance (28,031)